Acoustic Emission and Physicomechanical Properties of Concrete under Sulfate Attack
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 4
Abstract
This study investigates the acoustic emission (AE) and physicomechanical properties of concrete under three sulfate attack conditions: continuous immersion, wetting–drying cycles, and cyclic loading coupled with wetting–drying cycles. The characteristics of AE absolute energy during the concrete compression process were statistically analyzed by the histogram method and maximum likelihood (ML) method. The results from this study showed that the concrete specimens experienced two stages: an enhancement stage and a subsequent deterioration stage. Both wetting–drying cycles and cyclic loading accelerated the sulfate attack process. The probability density distribution of AE absolute energy satisfied a power law, and the distribution exponent was related to the degree of sulfate attack. The filling of expansion products during the enhancement stage led to the ML curves displaying a good plateau with lower exponents. Conversely, the cracking occurring during the deterioration stage created upturned ML curves with higher exponents. The results indicate that the exponent can accurately characterize the degree of concrete degradation under sulfate attack.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
The acoustic emission data and statistical analysis methods that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51774057).
References
Al-Akhras, N. M. 2006. “Durability of metakaolin concrete to sulfate attack.” Cem. Concr. Res. 36 (9): 1727–1734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.026.
Baro, J., A. Corral, X. Illa, A. Planes, E. K. H. Salje, W. Schranz, D. E. Soto-Parra, and E. Vives. 2013. “Statistical similarity between the compression of a porous material and earthquakes.” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (8): 088702. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.088702.
Chen, Y., X. D. Ding, D. Q. Fang, J. Sun, and E. K. H. Salje. 2019. “Acoustic emission from porous collapse and moving dislocations in granular Mg-Ho alloys under compression and tension.” Sci. Rep. 9 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37604-5.
Clauset, A., C. R. Shalizi, and M. E. J. Newman. 2009. “Power-law distributions in empirical data.” SIAM Rev. 51 (4): 661–703. https://doi.org/10.1137/070710111.
Fairhurst, C. E., and J. A. Hudson. 1999. “Draft ISRM suggested method for the complete stress-strain curve for intact rock in uniaxial compression.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 36 (3): 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(99)00006-6.
Fan, J. Y., H. P. Xie, J. Chen, D. Y. Jiang, C. B. Li, W. N. Tiedeu, and J. Ambre. 2020. “Preliminary feasibility analysis of a hybrid pumped-hydro energy storage system using abandoned coal mine goafs.” Appl. Energy 258 (Jan): 114007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114007.
Gao, R. D., Q. B. Li, and S. B. Zhao. 2013. “Concrete deterioration mechanisms under combined sulfate attack and flexural loading.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (1): 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000538.
Jiang, D. Y., K. N. Xie, J. Chen, S. L. Zhang, W. N. Tiedeu, Y. Xiao, and X. Jiang. 2019. “Experimental analysis of sandstone under uniaxial cyclic loading through acoustic emission statistics.” Pure Appl. Geophys. 176 (1): 265–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1960-4.
Jiang, X., D. Y. Jiang, J. Chen, and E. K. H. Salje. 2016. “Collapsing minerals: Crackling noise of sandstone and coal, and the predictability of mining accidents.” Am. Mineral. 101 (12): 2751–2758. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5809CCBY.
Jiang, X., H. L. Liu, I. G. Main, and E. K. H. Salje. 2017. “Predicting mining collapse: Superjerks and the appearance of record-breaking events in coal as collapse precursors.” Phys. Rev. E 96 (2): 023004. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.96.023004.
Kagan, Y. Y. 1999. “Universality of the seismic moment-frequency relation.” Pure Appl. Geophys. 155: 537–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s000240050277.
Kawasaki, Y., Y. Tomoda, and M. Ohtsu. 2010. “AE monitoring of corrosion process in cyclic wet-dry test.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (12): 2353–2357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.05.006.
Li, Z. J. 1996. “Microcrack characterization in concrete under uniaxial tension.” Mag. Concr. Res. 48 (176): 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1996.48.176.219.
Liu, L., C. Zhu, C. C. Qi, B. Zhang, and K. Song. 2019. “A microstructural hydration model for cemented paste backfill considering internal sulfate attacks.” Constr. Build. Mater. 211 (Jun): 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.222.
Mangual, J., M. ElBatanouny, P. Ziehl, and F. Matta. 2013. “Corrosion damage quantification of prestressing strands using acoustic emission.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (9): 1326–1334. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000669.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China) 2002. Standard for test method of mechanical properties on ordinary concrete. GB/T 50081-2002. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China) 2009. Standard for test method of long-term performance and durability of ordinary concrete. GB/T 50082-2009. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
Nataf, G. F., P. O. Castillo-Villa, J. Baro, X. Illa, E. Vives, A. Planes, and E. K. H. Salje. 2014. “Avalanches in compressed porous materials.” Phys. Rev. E 90 (2): 022405. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.90.022405.
Niccolini, G., G. Durin, A. Carpinteri, G. Lacidogna, and A. Manuello. 2009. “Crackling noise and universality in fracture systems.” J. Stat. Mech: Theory Exp. 2009 (1): P01023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2009/01/P01023.
Noorsuhada, M. N. 2016. “An overview on fatigue damage assessment of reinforced concrete structures with the aid of acoustic emission technique.” Constr. Build. Mater. 112 (Jun): 424–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.206.
Ohno, K., and M. Ohtsu. 2010. “Crack classification in concrete based on acoustic emission.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (12): 2339–2346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.05.004.
Ohtsu, M., T. Okamoto, and S. Yuyama. 1998. “Moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission for cracking mechanisms in concrete.” ACI Struct. J. 95 (2): 87–95.
Proverbio, E. 2011. “Evaluation of deterioration in reinforced concrete structures by AE technique.” Mater. Corros. 62 (2): 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201005735.
Qi, B., J. M. Gao, F. Chen, and D. M. Shen. 2017. “Evaluation of the damage process of recycled aggregate concrete under sulfate attack and wetting-drying cycles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 138 (May): 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.022.
SAC (Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China). 2007. Common portland cement. GB 175-2007. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Salje, E. K. H., and K. A. Dahmen. 2014. “Crackling noise in disordered materials.” Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 5: 233–254. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031113-133838.
Salje, E. K. H., H. L. Liu, L. S. Jin, D. Y. Jiang, Y. Xiao, and X. Jiang. 2018. “Intermittent flow under constant forcing: Acoustic emission from creep avalanches.” Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 (5): 054101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5018137.
Salje, E. K. H., A. Planes, and E. Vives. 2017. “Analysis of crackling noise using the maximum-likelihood method: Power-law mixing and exponential damping.” Phys. Rev. E 96 (4): 042122. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.96.042122.
Salje, E. K. H., D. E. Soto-Parra, A. Planes, E. Vives, M. Reinecker, and W. Schranz. 2011. “Failure mechanism in porous materials under compression: Crackling noise in mesoporous .” Philos. Mag. Lett. 91 (8): 554–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500839.2011.596491.
Tian, B., and M. D. Cohen. 2000. “Does gypsum formation during sulfate attack on concrete lead to expansion?” Cem. Concr. Res. 30 (1): 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00211-2.
Xie, K. N., X. Jiang, D. Y. Jiang, Y. Xiao, S. W. Chen, K. A. Dahmen, E. Vives, A. Planes, and E. K. H. Salje. 2019. “Change of crackling noise in granite by thermal damage: Monitoring nuclear waste deposits.” Am. Mineral. 104 (11): 1578–1584. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-7058.
Xu, Y. Y., A. G. Borrego, A. Planes, X. D. Ding, and E. Vives. 2019. “Criticality in failure under compression: Acoustic emission study of coal and charcoal with different microstructures.” Phys. Rev. E 99 (3): 033001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.99.033001.
Yoon, D. J., W. J. Weiss, and S. P. Shah. 2000. “Assessing damage in corroded reinforced concrete using acoustic emission.” J. Eng. Mech. 126 (3): 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:3(273).
Yuyama, S., T. Okamoto, and S. Nagataki. 1994. “Acoustic-emission evaluation of structural integrity in repaired reinforced-concrete beams.” Mater. Eval. 52 (1): 86–90.
Zhang, W. M., W. Sun, Y. S. Zhang, and H. S. Chen. 2009. “Degradation of pore structure and microstructures in hardened cement paste subjected to flexural loading and wet-dry cycles in sea water.” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed. 24 (6): 940–944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-006-6940-1.
Zhang, Z. Y., X. G. Jin, and W. Luo. 2019. “Long-term behaviors of concrete under low-concentration sulfate attack subjected to natural variation of environmental climate conditions.” Cem. Concr. Res. 116 (Feb): 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.11.017.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 22, 2019
Accepted: Jul 22, 2020
Published online: Jan 20, 2021
Published in print: Apr 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jun 20, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.