Performance Studies on Steel Fiber–Reinforced GGBS-Dolomite Geopolymer Concrete
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 2
Abstract
Geopolymer concrete is a sustainable material which can reuse industrial by-products and thereby minimize the emission of greenhouse gases during its production, unlike cement. Blended geopolymer concrete has been made from two industrial waste products, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and dolomite, which are obtained from steel industries and rock crushing plants, respectively. This geopolymer concrete is found to develop high strength within a short period of ambient curing. It is observed that the addition of steel fibers enhances the strength and durability characteristics of this concrete. The paper highlights the engineering and durability properties of steel fiber–reinforced GGBS-dolomite geopolymer concrete and explains how the bond strength and impact resistance of GGBS-dolomite geopolymer concrete is improved by the inclusion of steel fibers. A comparison of improvement in durability characteristics between geopolymer concrete with and without steel fiber reinforcement and ordinary portland cement concrete is also presented. The development of GGBS-dolomite geopolymer concrete from industrial by-products minimizes the cost of construction and creates a solution to the waste disposal problems. The high durability of geopolymer concrete will help to reduce the maintenance cost of structures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (TDAP/01/2017/KSCSTE), Kerala, India.
References
Albitar, M., P. Visintin, M. M. Ali, O. Lavigne, and E. Gamboa. 2016. “Bond slip models for uncorroded and corroded steel reinforcement in Class-F fly ash geopolymer concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (1): 04016186. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001713.
ASTM. 1989. Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic OPC concrete. ASTM C1585-13. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013a. Standard practice for the preparation of substitute ocean water. ASTM-D1141-98. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013b. Standard test method for specific gravity, absorption and voids in hardened concrete. ASTM C642-82. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test method for determining the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient of cementitious mixture by bulk diffusion. ASTM C1556-11a. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Azevedo, A. R. G., C. M. F. Vieira, W. M. Ferreira, K. C. P. Faria, L. G. Pedroti, and B. C. Mendes. 2020. “Potential use of ceramic waste as precursor in the geopolymerization reaction for the production of ceramic roof tiles.” J. Build. Eng. 29 (May): 101156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101156.
Bernal, S., R. De Gutierrez, S. Delvasto, and E. Rodriguez. 2010. “Performance of an alkali-activated slag concrete reinforced with steel fibers.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (2): 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.027.
Bhutta, A., P. H. Borges, C. Zanotti, M. Farooq, and N. Banthia. 2017. “Flexural behavior of geopolymer composites reinforced with steel and polypropylene macro fibers.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 80 (Jul): 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.11.014.
Castel, A., and S. J. Foster. 2015. “Bond strength between blended slag and Class F fly ash geopolymer concrete with steel reinforcement.” Cem. Concr. Res. 72 (Jun): 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.02.016.
De Silva, P., K. Sagoe-Crenstil, and V. Sirivivatnanon. 2007. “Kinetics of geopolymerization: Role of and .” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (4): 512–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.01.003.
Duxson, P., J. L. Provis, G. C. Lukey, and J. S. Van Deventer. 2007. “The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of ‘green concrete’.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (12): 1590–1597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.018.
Feng, J., W. Sun, H. Zhai, L. Wang, H. Dong, and Q. Wu. 2018. “Experimental study on hybrid effect evaluation of fiber reinforced concrete subjected to drop weight impacts.” Materials 11 (12): 2563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122563.
Ganesan, N., R. Abraham, and S. D. Raj. 2015. “Durability characteristics of steel fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 93 (Sep): 471–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.014.
Hardjito, D., S. E. Wallah, D. M. Sumajouw, and B. V. Rangan. 2005. “Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.” Aust. J. Struct. Eng. 6 (1): 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2005.11464946.
IS (Indian Standards). 1959a. Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete. IS 1199-1959. New Delhi, India: IS.
IS (Indian Standards). 1959b. Methods of test for strength of concrete. IS 516-1959. New Delhi, India: IS.
IS (Indian Standards). 1963. Methods of test for aggregate for concrete, Part 3–Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking. IS 2386 (Part III). New Delhi, India: IS.
IS (Indian Standards). 1967. Methods of testing bond in reinforced concrete. IS 2770 (Part 1)-1967. New Delhi, India: IS.
IS (Indian Standards). 1999. Method of test splitting tensile strength of concrete. IS 5816-1999. New Delhi, India: IS.
IS (Indian Standards). 2000. Plain and reinforced concrete—Code of practice is an Indian standard code of practice for general structural use of plain and reinforced concrete. IS 456. New Delhi, India: IS.
Islam, A., U. J. Alengaram, M. Z. Jumaat, N. B. Ghazali, S. Yusoff, and I. I. Bashar. 2017. “Influence of steel fibers on the mechanical properties and impact resistance of lightweight geopolymer concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 152 (Oct): 964–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.092.
Khalil, E., M. Abd-Elmohsen, and A. M. Anwar. 2015. “Impact resistance of rubberized self-compacting concrete.” Water Sci. 29 (1): 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2014.12.002.
Kusbiantoro, A., M. F. Nuruddin, N. Shafiq, and S. A. Qazi. 2012. “The effect of microwave incinerated rice husk ash on the compressive and bond strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 36 (Nov): 695–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.064.
Li, W., and J. Xu. 2009. “Mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced geopolymeric concrete under impact loading.” Mater. Sci. Eng., A 505 (1–2): 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.11.063.
Li, Z., Z. Ding, and Y. Zhang. 2004. “Development of sustainable cementitious materials.” In Proc., Int. Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology. Ames, IA: Iowa State Univ.
Marín-López, C., J. R. Araiza, A. Manzano-Ramírez, J. R. Avalos, J. J. Perez-Bueno, M. S. Muñiz-Villareal, E. Ventura-Ramos, and Y. Vorobiev. 2009. “Synthesis and characterization of a concrete based on metakaolin geopolymer.” Inorg. Mater. 45 (12): 1429. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020168509120231.
Mehta, A., and R. Siddique. 2018. “Sustainable geopolymer concrete using ground granulated blast furnace slag and rice husk ash: Strength and permeability properties.” J. Cleaner Prod. 205 (Dec): 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.313.
Natali, A., S. Manzi, and M. C. Bignozzi. 2011. “Novel fiber-reinforced composite materials based on sustainable geopolymer matrix.” Procedia Eng. 21 (1): 1124–1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2120.
Paija, N., P. K. Kolay, M. Mohanty, and S. Kumar. 2019. “Ground bottom ash application for conventional mortar and geopolymer paste.” J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste 24 (1): 04019025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000466.
RILEM (Réunion Internationale des Laboratoires et Experts des Matériaux, systèmes de construction et ouvrages). 1994. “RC 6 Bond test for reinforcement steel. 2: Pull-out test (1983 TC9-RC).” In Réunion Internationale des Laboratoires et Experts des Matériaux, systèmes de construction et ouvrages recommendations for the testing and use of constructions materials, 218–220. Paris: The International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures.
Salih, M. A., N. Farzadnia, A. A. A. Ali, and R. Demirboga. 2015. “Development of high strength alkali activated binder using palm oil fuel ash and GGBS at ambient temperature.” Constr. Build. Mater. 93 (Sep): 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.119.
Salihoglu, N. K., and G. Salihoglu. 2018. “Marble sludge recycling by using geopolymerization technology.” J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste 22 (4): 04018019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000415.
Saranya, P., P. Nagarajan, and A. P. Shashikala. 2019a. “Development of ground-granulated blast-furnace slag–dolomite geopolymer concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 116 (6): 235–243.
Saranya, P., P. Nagarajan, and A. P. Shashikala. 2019b. “Performance evaluation of geopolymer concrete beams under monotonic loading.” Structure 20 (Aug): 560–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.06.010.
Saranya, P., P. Nagarajan, A. P. Shashikala, and A. P. Salam. 2019c. “Flexural behaviour of GGBS-dolomite geopolymer concrete beams under cyclic loading.” In Vol. 969 of Proc., Materials Science Forum, 291–296. Bäch, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications.
Sarker, P. K. 2011. “Bond strength of reinforcing steel embedded in fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.” Mater. Struct. 44 (5): 1021–1030. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9683-8.
Topark-Ngarm, P., P. Chindaprasirt, and V. Sata. 2014. “Setting time, strength, and bond of high-calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (7): 04014198. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001157.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 2 • February 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 6, 2019
Accepted: Jun 30, 2020
Published online: Nov 20, 2020
Published in print: Feb 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Apr 20, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.