Effect of Asphalt Grade and Polymer Type (SBS and EE-2) on Produced PMB and Asphalt Concrete Mix Properties
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 12
Abstract
Laboratory evaluation of elastomer- and plastomer-modified asphalt binders using different grades of asphalt binders and produced asphalt concrete mixes is the subject of this paper. The evaluated polymer modifiers in this study were an elastomer [commercially available styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and a plastomer (functionally modified olefin commercially known as Eastman EE-2)], blended separately with two penetration-grade binders ( and ) at polymer/binder ratios of 2%, 4%, and 6% (by mass). The rheological properties of the polymer-modified binders (PMBs) were tested using a rotational viscometer, dynamic shear rheometer, and bending beam rheometer. The effect of the polymers on the rheological properties of the asphalt binders was investigated before and following standardized short- and long-term oxidative aging. Hot-mix asphalt mixes were prepared and evaluated in terms of the number of performance tests, which included indirect tensile strength, moisture susceptibility, resilient modulus, creep-recovery strain properties, and indirect tension fatigue. Analysis of the obtained PMBs indicated that the addition of the elastomer and plastomer polymers to petroleum asphalts was very useful in obtaining a number of desirable characteristics. The main indicators of such improvements are improved rutting resistance of the unaged and short-term aged binders, and the addition of higher percentages of the polymers resulted in an upward shift of the rutting resistance without impacting the fatigue properties of the binders. The addition of up to 6% of the polymers to the binders raised the performance grade (PG) of the PMBs by at least two grades from their base PG. For the softer binder (i.e., Pen. ), 6% SBS pumped the PG of the binder three grades up. The introduction of varying amounts of elastomer and plastomer polymers can significantly influence the resultant mechanistic properties of mixtures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Assiut, Aswan and Hussein Technical universities for their support. The authors also appreciate the support from the laboratories of Arab center for engineering studies (Amman, Jordan) to perform the binder tests.
References
AASHTO. 2011a. Standard method of test for determining the flexural creep stiffness of asphalt binder using the bending beam rheometer (BBR). AASHTO T 313-10. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2011b. Standard method of test for determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). AASHTO T 315. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2011c. Standard method of test for viscosity determination of asphalt binder using rotational viscometer. AASHTO T 316-11. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2014. Standard method of test for resistance of compacted asphalt mixtures to moisture-induced damage. AASHTO T 283. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2017. Standard specification for performance-graded asphalt binder. AASHTO M 320. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Airey, G. D. 2001. “Viscosity-temperature effects of polymer modification as depicted by Heukelom’s Bitumen test data chart.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2 (4): 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430108901729.
Al-Khateeb, G. G., and K. A. Ghuzlan. 2014. “The combined effect of loading frequency, temperature, and stress level on the fatigue life of asphalt paving mixtures using the IDT test configuration.” Int. J. Fatigue 59 (Feb): 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.08.011.
Alonso, S., L. Medina-Torres, R. Zitzumbo, and F. Avalos. 2010. “Rheology of asphalt and styrene–butadiene blends.” J. Mater. Sci. 45 (10): 2591–2597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4230-0.
ASTM. 2011. Standard test method for determining the resilient modulus of bituminous mixtures by indirect tension test. ASTM D7369. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019a. Standard practice for accelerated aging of asphalt binder using a pressurized aging vessel (PAV). ASTM D6521-19a. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019b. Standard test method for effect of heat and air on a moving film of asphalt (rolling thin-film oven test). ASTM D2872-19. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bai, F., X. Yang, and G. Zeng. 2014. “Creep and recovery behavior characterization of asphalt mixture in compression.” Constr. Build. Mater. 54 (Mar): 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.088.
Barbe, B., G. Caroff, A. Maia, and R. Hiernaux. 1988. “Permanent deformation in bituminous mixes effects of consistency of bitumen, type of aggregate, and mix composition.” In Vol. 57 of Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 197–212. St. Paul, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Behnood, A. 2019. “Application of rejuvenators to improve the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt binders and mixtures: A review.” J. Cleaner Prod. 231 (Sep): 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.209.
Behnood, A., and M. Modiri Gharehveran. 2019. “Morphology, rheology, and physical properties of polymer-modified asphalt binders.” Eur. Polym. J. 112 (Mar): 766–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.10.049.
Brule, B., Y. Brion, and A. Tanguy. 1988. “Paving asphalt polymer blends: Relationships between composition, structure and properties.” In Vol. 57 of Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT), 41–64. St. Paul, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Button, J. W., D. N. Little, Y. Kim, and J. Ahmed. 1987. “Mechanistic evaluation of selected asphalt additives.” In Vol. 56 of Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT), 62–90. St. Paul, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Chen, J.-S., M.-C. Liao, and H.-H. Tsai. 2002. “Evaluation and optimization of the engineering properties of polymer-modified asphalt.” Pract. Fail. Anal. 2 (3): 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02719194.
Choi, Y.-T., and Y. R. Kim. 2013. “Development of characterisation models for incremental permanent deformation model for asphalt concrete in confined compression.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 14 (S2): 266–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.812847.
Collins, J. H., M. G. Bouldin, R. Gelles, and A. Berker. 1991. “Improved performance of paving asphalts by polymer modification.” In Vol. 60 of Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT), 43–79. St. Paul, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Collins, J. H., and W. J. Mikols. 1985. “Block copolymer modification of asphalt intended for surface dressing applications.” In Vol. 54 of Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT), 1–17. St. Paul, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Diab, A. 2017. “Experimental and theoretical investigations on the viscosity of heterogeneous asphalt binders.” J. Elastomers Plast. 50 (4): 354–371. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244317729555.
Diab, A., M. Enieb, and D. Singh. 2019. “Influence of aging on properties of polymer-modified asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 196 (Apr): 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.105.
Diab, A., and Z. You. 2017. “Small and large strain rheological characterizations of polymer- and crumb rubber-modified asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 144 (Jul): 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.175.
Diab, A., Z. You, S. Adhikari, and X. Li. 2020. “Modeling shear stress response of bituminous materials under small and large strains.” Constr. Build. Mater. 252 (Aug): 119133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119133.
Filippova, A. G., L. G. Kirillova, N. A. Okhotina, N. K. Dvoyashkin, A. V. Filippov, S. I. Vol’fson, A. G. Liakumovich, and Y. D. Samuilov. 2000. “Viscosity of polymer–bitumen binders.” Colloid J. 62 (6): 755–758. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026639010912.
Gogoi, R., K. P. Biligiri, and N. C. Das. 2016. “Performance prediction analyses of styrene-butadiene rubber and crumb rubber materials in asphalt road applications.” Mater. Struct. 49 (9): 3479–3493. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0733-0.
Goodrich, J. L. 1988. “Asphalt and polymer modified asphalt properties related to the performance of asphalt concrete mixes.” In Vol. 57 of Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT), 116–175. St Paul, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Karimi, M. M., N. Tabatabaee, H. Jahanbakhsh, and B. Jahangiri. 2017. “Development of a stress-mode sensitive viscoelastic constitutive relationship for asphalt concrete: Experimental and numerical modeling.” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. 21 (3): 383–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11043-016-9335-7.
Khattak, M. J., and G. Y. Baladi. 2001. “Fatigue and permanent deformation models for polymer-modified asphalt mixtures.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1767 (1): 135–145. https://doi.org/10.3141/1767-17.
Kim, J., and C. Koh. 2012. “Development of a predictive system for estimating fatigue life of asphalt mixtures using the indirect tensile test.” J. Transp. Eng. 138 (12): 1530–1540. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000452.
King, G., H. Muncy, and J. B. Prudhomme. 1986. “Polymer modification: Binders effect on mix properties.” In Vol. 55 of Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT), 519–540. St. Paul, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Kumar, P., H. C. Mehndiratta, and K. L. Singh. 2010. “Comparative study of rheological behavior of modified binders for high-temperature areas.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (10): 978–984. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000099.
Laukkanen, O.-V., H. Soenen, T. Pellinen, S. Heyrman, and G. Lemoine. 2015. “Creep-recovery behavior of bituminous binders and its relation to asphalt mixture rutting.” Mater. Struct. 48 (12): 4039–4053. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0464-7.
Little, D. N. 1986. “An evaluation of asphalt additives to reduce permanent deformation and cracking in asphalt pavements: A brief synopsis of on-going research.” In Vol. 55 of Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT), 314–322. St. Paul, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Lu, X., and U. Isacsson. 1997. “Influence of styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer modification on bitumen viscosity.” Fuel 76 (14): 1353–1359. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00144-0.
Munera, J. C., and E. A. Ossa. 2014. “Polymer modified bitumen: Optimization and selection.” Mater. Des. (1980–2015) 62 (Oct): 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.009.
Oliviero Rossi, C., A. Spadafora, B. Teltayev, G. Izmailova, Y. Amerbayev, and V. Bortolotti. 2015. “Polymer modified bitumen: Rheological properties and structural characterization.” Colloids Surf., A 480 (Sep): 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.02.048.
Page, G. C., K. H. Murphy, B. E. Ruth, and R. Roque. 1985. “Asphalt binder hardening: Causes and effects.” In Vol. 54 of Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT), 140–167. St Paul, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Polacco, G., S. Filippi, F. Merusi, and G. Stastna. 2015. “A review of the fundamentals of polymer-modified asphalts: Asphalt/polymer interactions and principles of compatibility.” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 224 (Oct): 72–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2015.07.010.
Saboo, N., B. Singh, P. Kumar, and D. Vikram. 2018. “Study on viscosity of conventional and polymer modified asphalt binders in steady and dynamic shear domain.” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. 22 (1): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11043-017-9352-1.
Socal da Silva, L., M. M. de Camargo Forte, L. de Alencastro Vignol, and N. S. M. Cardozo. 2004. “Study of rheological properties of pure and polymer-modified Brazilian asphalt binders.” J. Mater. Sci. 39 (2): 539–546. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000011509.84156.3b.
Tarefder, R. A., D. Bateman, and A. K. Swamy. 2013. “Comparison of fatigue failure criterion in flexural fatigue test.” Int. J. Fatigue 55 (Oct): 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.07.004.
Tarefder, R. A., and S. S. Yousefi. 2016. “Rheological examination of aging in polymer-modified asphalt.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (2): 04015112. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001370.
Teltayev, B. B., C. O. Rossi, G. G. Izmailova, E. D. Amirbayev, and A. O. Elshibayev. 2019. “Evaluating the effect of asphalt binder modification on the low-temperature cracking resistance of hot mix asphalt.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 11 (Dec): e00238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00238.
Terrel, R. L., and J. L. Walter. 1986. “Modified asphalt pavement material, the European experience.” In Vol. 55 of Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT), 482–518. St. Paul, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Wolfe, D. L., D. Armentrout, C. B. Arends, H. M. Baker, H. Plancher, and J. C. Petersen. 1986. “Crude source effects on the chemical, morphological, and viscoelastic properties of styrene/butadiene latex modified asphalt cements.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1096 (1): 12–21.
Yan, J., F. Ni, M. Yang, and J. Li. 2010. “An experimental study on fatigue properties of emulsion and foam cold recycled mixes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (11): 2151–2156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.044.
Zhang, F., and C. Hu. 2015. “The research for thermal behaviour, creep properties and morphology of SBS-modified asphalt.” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 121 (2): 651–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4595-z.
Zhang, F., J. Yu, and S. Wu. 2010. “Effect of ageing on rheological properties of storage-stable SBS/sulfur-modified asphalts.” J. Hazard. Mater. 182 (1): 507–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.061.
Zhang, J., M. Sabouri, M. N. Guddati, and Y. R. Kim, 2013. “Development of a failure criterion for asphalt mixtures under fatigue loading.” Supplement, Road Mater. Pavement Des. 14 (S2): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.812843.
Zhu, J., B. Birgisson, and N. Kringos. 2014. “Polymer modification of bitumen: Advances and challenges.” Eur. Polym. J. 54 (May): 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.02.005.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 12 • December 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 23, 2020
Accepted: Jun 8, 2020
Published online: Sep 27, 2020
Published in print: Dec 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Feb 27, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.