Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite-Activated Crumb Rubber on Rheological Properties of Rubber-Modified Asphalt
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 11
Abstract
Crumb rubber modifier (CRM) has been applied widely in modified asphalt production in the pavement industry and demonstrates many performance advantages. Further, its use makes it possible to recycle scrap tires and reduce the consumption of raw materials. However, CRM asphalt mixtures demand higher construction temperatures than do conventional asphalt mixtures because the CRM asphalt binder has higher viscosity, which increases energy consumption, emission of greenhouse gases, and disintegration of the crumb rubber. In this study, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) was introduced to functionalize the CRM particles’ surface to alleviate these associated problems. The CRM particles’ surface was activated using different amounts of NaClO, and the microscopic morphology of the activated CRM was measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The size characteristics of the two types of CRM (activated and inactivated) were measured using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) test. The Brookfield viscosity at and rheological properties of CRM asphalt binders with different activated CRM were measured. In addition, the correlation between pore size characteristic and rheological properties was calculated statistically. Subsequently, a rougher surface microscopic morphology was observed for CRM activated with NaClO solution than without. The pore characteristics’ indices (cumulative pore volume, cumulative pore area, most probable pore size, and mean pore size) decreased generally with lower amounts of NaClO and then increased when the NaClO exceeded a certain amount. Using NaClO solution to produce activated CRM can improve both the workability and rutting resistance issues associated with the application of CRM asphalt binder. The test results and correlation analysis indicated that the pore characteristics are a key factor for activated CRM to reduce viscosity values and increase the rutting factor significantly.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code that support the findings of this study and appear in the published article are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The research work reported in this paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51668038 and 51868042), the Distinguished Young Scholars Fund of Gansu Province (No. 1606RJDA318), the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (No. 1506RJZA064) and Foundation of A Hundred Youth Talents Training Program of Lanzhou Jiaotong University.
References
Chang, X., R. Zhang, Y. Xiao, X. Chen, and X. Zhang. 2020. “Mapping of publications on asphalt pavement and bitumen materials: A bibliometric review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 234 (Feb): 117370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117370.
Chen, Z., T. Wang, J. Pei, S. Amirkhanian, F. Xiao, Q. Ye, and Z. Fan. 2019. “Low temperature and fatigue characteristics of treated crumb rubber modified asphalt after a long term aging procedure.” J. Clean Prod. 234 (Oct): 1262–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.147.
Davide, L. P. 2013. “Recycled tyre rubber modified Bitumens for road asphalt mixtures: A literature review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 49 (Dec): 863–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.007.
Diekmann, A., U. Giese, and I. Schaumann. 2019. “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in consumer goods made from recycled rubber material: A review.” Chemosphere 220 (Apr): 1163–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.111.
Domingos, M. D., and A. L. Faxina. 2016. “Susceptibility of asphalt binders to rutting: Literature review.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (2): 04015134. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001364.
Fini, E. H., S. Hosseinnezhad, D. Oldham, Z. Mclaughlin, Z. Alavi, and J. Harvey. 2019. “Bio-modification of rubberised asphalt binder to enhance its performance.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 20 (10): 1216–1225. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1398548.
Habbouche, J., E. Y. Hajj, P. E. Sebaaly, and M. Piratheepan. 2018. “A critical review of high polymer-modified asphalt binders and mixtures.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 21 (6): 686–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1503273.
Han, L., M. Zheng, J. Li, Y. Li, Y. Zhu, and Q. Ma. 2017. “Effect of nano silica and pretreated rubber on the properties of terminal blend crumb rubber modified asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 157 (Dec): 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.187.
Hosseinnezhad, S., S. F. Kabir, D. Oldham, M. Mousavi, and E. H. Fini. 2019. “Surface functionalization of rubber particles to reduce phase separation in rubberized asphalt for sustainable construction.” J. Clean Prod. 225 (Jul): 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.219.
Huang, S. C., and H. D. Benedetto. 2015. “Advances in asphalt materials: Road and pavement construction.” In Advances in asphalt materials: Road and pavement construction, 1–470. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing.
Kabir, S. F., M. Mousavi, and E. H. Fini. 2020. “Selective adsorption of bio-oils’ molecules onto rubber surface and its effects on stability of rubberized asphalt.” J. Clean Prod. 252 (Apr): 119856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119856.
Kaloush, K. E. 2014. “Asphalt rubber: Performance tests and pavement design issues.” Constr. Build. Mater. 67 (Sep): 258–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.020.
Kedarisetty, S., K. P. Biligiri, and J. B. Sousa. 2016. “Advanced rheological characterization of reacted and activated rubber (RAR) modified asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 122 (Sep): 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.043.
Kim, B., R. Roque, and S. Lee. 2008. “Cost analysis for use of SBS modifier in asphalt pavement using a performance based fracture criterion.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 9 (4): 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2008.9690139.
Kim, H., and S. Lee. 2013. “Laboratory investigation of different standards of phase separation in crumb rubber modified asphalt binders.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (12): 1975–1978. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000751.
Kocevski, S., S. Yagneswaran, F. Xiao, V. S. Punith, J. D. W. Smith, and S. Amirkhanian. 2012. “Surface modified ground rubber tire by grafting acrylic acid for paving applications.” Constr. Build. Mater. 34 (Sep): 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.040.
Li, B., H. Li, Y. Wei, X. Zhang, D. Wei, and J. Li. 2019. “Microscopic properties of hydrogen peroxide activated crumb rubber and its influence on the rheological properties of crumb rubber modified asphalt.” Materials 12 (9): 1434.
Liang, M., X. Xin, W. Fan, S. Ren, J. Shi, and H. Luo. 2017. “Thermo-stability and aging performance of modified asphalt with crumb rubber activated by microwave and TOR.” Mater. Des. 127 (Aug): 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.060.
Ma, T., Y. Zhao, X. Huang, and Y. Zhang. 2016. “Characteristics of desulfurized rubber asphalt and mixture.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 20 (4): 1347–1355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-1195-1.
Mohajerani, A., L. Burnett, J. V. Smith, S. Markovski, G. Rodwell, M. T. Rahman, H. Kurmus, M. Mirzababaei, A. Arulrajah, S. Horpibulsuk, and F. Maghool. 2020. “Recycling waste rubber tyres in construction materials and associated environmental considerations: A review.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 155 (Apr): 104679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104679.
Mousavi, M., S. Hosseinnezhad, S. F. Kabir, D. J. Burnett, and E. H. Fini. 2019. “Reaction pathways for surface activated rubber particles.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 149 (Apr): 292–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.041.
Nanjegowda, V. H., and K. P. Biligiri. 2020. “Recyclability of rubber in asphalt roadway systems: A review of applied research and advancement in technology.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 155 (Apr): 104655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104655.
Paje, S. E., M. Bueno, F. Terán, R. Miró, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and A. H. Martínez. 2010. “Acoustic field evaluation of asphalt mixtures with crumb rubber.” Appl. Acoust. 71 (6): 578–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2009.12.003.
Qadir, A., U. Gazder, and S. Ali. 2018. “Comparison of SBS and PP fibre asphalt modifications for rutting potential and life cycle costs of flexible pavements.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 19 (2): 484–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1259124.
Qian, C., W. Fan, F. Ren, X. Lv, and B. Xing. 2019. “Influence of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) on properties of crumb rubber (CR) modified asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 227 (Dec): 117094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117094.
Shang, W., and J. Li. 2018. “Surface modification of ground tire rubber and its adhesion property.” Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 34 (10): 99–104. https://doi.org/10.16865/j.cnki.1000-7555.2018.10.017.
Shang, L., S. Wan, Y. Zhang, and Yinxi Zhang. 2011. “Pyrolyzed wax from recycled cross-linked polyethylene as warm mix asphalt (WMA) additive for SBS modified asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2): 886–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.097.
Shatanawi, K., S. Biro, M. Naser, and S. N. Amirkhanian. 2013. “Improving the rheological properties of crumb rubber modified binder using hydrogen peroxide.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 14 (3): 723–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.812535.
Shen, J., S. Amirkhanian, F. Xiao, and B. Tang. 2009. “Influence of surface area and size of crumb rubber on high temperature properties of crumb rubber modified binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (1): 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.12.005.
Sheng, Y., H. Li, J. Geng, Y. Tian, Z. Li, and R. Xiong. 2017. “Production and performance of desulfurized rubber asphalt binder.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 10 (3): 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.02.002.
Shu, X., and B. Huang. 2014. “Recycling of waste tire rubber in asphalt and portland cement concrete: An overview.” Constr. Build. Mater. 67 (Sep): 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.027.
Souliman, M. I., M. Mamlouk, and A. Eifert. 2017. “Mechanistic analysis and cost-effectiveness of rubber and polymer modified asphalt mixtures.” Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater. 6 (1): 20160069. https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20160069.
Sun, D., and W. Lu. 2007. “Evaluation of low temperature performances of polymer modified asphalts by force-ductility test.” J. Build. Mater. 10 (1): 37–42.
Sun, Y., and S. Guo. 2018. “Characterization of whole-aperture pore structure and its effect on methane adsorption capacity for transitional shales.” Energy Fuels 32 (3): 3176–3188. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03807.
Tehrani, F. M. 2015. “Noise abatement of rubberized hot mix asphalt: A brief review.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 8 (1): 58–61. https://doi.org/10.6135/ijprt.org.tw/2015.8(1).58.
Thives, L. P., and E. Ghisi. 2017. “Asphalt mixtures emission and energy consumption: A review.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 72 (May): 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.087.
Wang, T., F. Xiao, S. Amirkhanian, W. Huang, and M. Zheng. 2017. “A review on low temperature performances of rubberized asphalt materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 145 (Aug): 483–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.031.
Xiao, F., Q. Zong, J. Chen, and J. Liu. 2019. “Processing conditions optimization analysis of crumb rubber modified asphalt treated by plasma micrometer processing method.” China J. Highway Transp. 32 (4): 170–176.
Xie, Z., and J. Shen. 2014. “Effect of cross-linking agent on the properties of asphalt rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater. 67 (Sep): 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.039.
Yang, X., A. Shen, B. Li, H. Wu, Z. Lyu, H. Wang, and Z. Lyu. 2020. “Effect of microwave-activated crumb rubber on reaction mechanism, rheological properties, thermal stability, and released volatiles of asphalt binder.” J. Clean Prod. 248 (Mar): 119230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119230.
Yildirim, Y. 2007. “Polymer modified asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (1): 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.07.007.
Yu, G., Z. Li, X. Zhou, and C. Li. 2011. “Crumb rubber modified asphalt: Microwave treatment effects.” Pet. Sci. Technol. 29 (4): 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916460903394102.
Yu, H., Z. Leng, Z. Dong, Z. Tan, F. Guo, and J. Yan. 2018. “Workability and mechanical property characterization of asphalt rubber mixtures modified with various warm mix asphalt additives.” Constr. Build. Mater. 175 (Jun): 392–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.218.
Zarei, M., Z. Rahmani, M. Zahedi, and M. Nasrollahi. 2020. “Technical, economic, and environmental investigation of the effects of rubber powder additive on asphalt mixtures.” J. Transp. Eng. Part B: Pavements 146 (1): 04019039. https://doi.org/10.1061/JPEODX.0000142.
Zhang, G., Y. Li, L. Chen, F. Ye, and S. Wang. 2018. “Rheological properties of the asphalt modified by the activated rubber in the presence of waste engine oil.” J. Build. Mater. 21 (2): 320–326. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2018.02.024.
Zhou, X., F. Wang, X. Yuan, M. Kuang, Y. Song, and C. Li. 2015. “Usage of slurry oil for the preparation of crumb rubber modified asphalt emulsions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 76 (Feb): 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.064.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 11 • November 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 23, 2019
Accepted: Apr 15, 2020
Published online: Aug 21, 2020
Published in print: Nov 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jan 21, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.