Fatigue and Healing Characteristics of RAP Binder Blends
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 8
Abstract
Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) mixes generally have good moisture and rutting resistance. However, the fatigue performance of the RAP mixes is a matter of concern because the RAP binder is generally brittle because of age hardening. Asphalt mixes can heal and recover from the fatigue damage caused by repeated wheel load application. The healing characteristics of the mix depend to some extent on the flow characteristics as well as the chemical makeup of the binders. Linear amplitude sweep (LAS) testing was performed for evaluating the fatigue performance of RAP binders. The fatigue and healing characteristics of different virgin-RAP binder blends were measured in an oscillation fatigue test conducted with varying rest periods using dynamic shear rheometer. The slopes of the fatigue life versus rest period plots were taken as indicators of the effect of rest period on fatigue life or healing indices (HI). Different rheological and chemical parameters measured in terms of surface free energy and the indices calculated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy correlated well with the healing potential of RAP binders.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the financial support by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India through research project “Future of Cities” (Grant No. F. No. 4-22/2014-TS.I, dated January 23, 2014).
References
AASHTO. 2014. Estimating damage tolerance of asphalt binders using the linear amplitude sweep. AASHTO TP101. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Ahmad, N. 2011. “Asphalt mixture moisture sensitivity evaluation using surface energy parameters.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nottingham.
Al-Qadi, I. L., Q. Aurangzeb, S. H. Carpenter, W. J. Pine, and J. Trepanier. 2012. Impact of high RAP contents on structural and performance properties of asphalt mixtures. Urbana, IL: Illinois Center for Transportation.
Araújo, M. F. A. S., V. F. C. Lins, and V. M. D. Pasa. 2011. “Effect of ageing on porosity of hot mix asphalt.” Braz. J. Pet. Gas 5 (1): 3275–3281. https://doi.org/10.5419/bjpg2011-0002.
Asphalt Institute. 2014. Asphalt mix design methods. 7th ed. MS-2. Lexington, KY: Asphalt Institute.
ASTM. 2011. Standard test methods for quantitative extraction of bitumen from bituminous paving mixtures. ASTM D2172. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012. Standard practice for recovery of asphalt from solution using the rotary evaporator. ASTM D5404. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard practice for accelerated aging of asphalt binder using a pressurized aging vessel (PAV). ASTM D6521. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). ASTM D7175. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard test method for effect of heat and air on a moving film of asphalt (rolling thin film oven test). ASTM D2872. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bahia, H. U., H. Zhai, K. Bonnetti, and S. Kose. 1999. “Non-linear viscoelastic and fatigue properties of asphalt binders.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 68 (1): 1–34.
Bhasin, A., S. Palvadi, and D. N. Little. 2011. “Influence of aging and temperature on intrinsic healing of asphalt binders.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2207 (1): 70–78. https://doi.org/10.3141/2207-10.
Bodin, D., H. Soenen, and C. de La Roche. 2004. “Temperature effects in binder fatigue and healing tests.” In Proc., 3rd Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress. Vienna: Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress.
Carpenter, S. H., and S. Shen. 2006. “Dissipated energy approach to study hot-mix asphalt healing in fatigue.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1970 (1): 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198106197000119.
Cheng, D., D. N. Little, R. L. Lytton, and J. C. Holste. 2002. “Surface energy measurement of asphalt and its application to predicting fatigue and healing in asphalt mixtures.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1810 (1): 44–53. https://doi.org/10.3141/1810-06.
Gong, M., J. Yang, H. Yao, M. Wang, X. Niu, and J. E. Haddock. 2017. “Investigating the performance, chemical, and microstructure properties of carbon nanotube-modified asphalt binder.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 19 (7): 1499–1522. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1323661.
González, A., J. Norambuena-Contreras, L. Storey, and E. Schlangen. 2018. “Self-healing properties of recycled asphalt mixtures containing metal waste: An approach through microwave radiation heating.” J. Environ. Manage. 214 (May): 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.001.
González, A., J. Valderrama, and J. Norambuena-Contreras. 2019. “Microwave crack healing on conventional and modified asphalt mixtures with different additives: An experimental approach.” Supplement, Road Mater. Pavement Des. 20 (S1): S149–S162. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1587493.
Guo, R. 2007. “Predicting in-service life of flexible pavements based on accelerated pavement testing.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas.
Howson, J. E. 2011. Vol. 73 of Relationship between surface free energy and total work of fracture of asphalt binder and asphalt binder-aggregate interfaces. College Station, TX: Texas A & M Univ.
Huang, S. C., R. E. Robertson, J. F. Branthaver, and J. Claine Petersen. 2005. “Impact of lime modification of asphalt and freeze–thaw cycling on the asphalt–aggregate interaction and moisture resistance to moisture damage.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 17 (6): 711–718. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005)17:6(711).
Jung, S. H. 2006. “The effects of asphalt binder oxidation on hot mix asphalt concrete mixture rheology and fatigue performance.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M Univ.
Kakar, M. R., M. O. Hamzah, M. N. Akhtar, and J. M. Saleh. 2019. “Evaluating the surface free energy and moisture sensitivity of warm mix asphalt binders using dynamic contact angle.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9153603.
Kakar, M. R., M. O. Hamzah, M. N. Akhtar, and D. Woodward. 2016. “Surface free energy and moisture susceptibility evaluation of asphalt binders modified with surfactant-based chemical additive.” J. Cleaner Prod. 112 (Jan): 2342–2353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.101.
Kim, Y. R., D. N. Little, and F. C. Benson. 1990. “Chemical and mechanical evaluation on healing mechanism of asphalt concrete (with discussion).” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 59 (1): 240–275.
Kim, Y. R., D. N. Little, R. L. Lytton, J. D’Angelo, R. Davis, G. Rowe, P. Ling, H. Jiang, S. Wu, and S. Wu. 2012. “Self-healing capacity of asphalt binders.” J. Wuhan Univ. Tech. Mater. Sci. Ed. 27 (4): 794–796.
Kim, Y. R., D. N. Little, R. L. Lytton, J. D’Angelo, R. Davis, G. Rowe, and L. Tashman. 2002. “Use of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to evaluate the fatigue and healing potential of asphalt binders in sand asphalt mixtures.” In Vol. 71 of Proc., Technical Sessions-Asphalt Paving Technology: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 176–206. Lino Lakes, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Leegwater, G. A., A. Scarpas, and S. M. J. G. Erkens. 2018. “The influence of boundary conditions on the healing of bitumen.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 19 (3): 571–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1418720.
Ling, P., H. Jiang, S. Wu, and S. Wu. 2012. “Self healing capacity of asphalt binders.” J. Wuhan Univ. Tech. Mater. Sci. Ed. 27 (4): 794–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-012-0550-z.
Little, D. N., and A. Bhasin. 2006. Using surface energy measurements to select materials for asphalt pavement. Washington, DC: National Academic Press.
Little, D. N., R. L. Lytton, and D. Williams. 1998. An analysis of the mechanism of microdamage healing based on the application of micromechanics first principles of fracture and healing. Lino Lakes, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Little, D. N., R. L. Lytton, D. Williams, and C. W. Chen. 2001. “Microdamage healing in asphalt and asphalt concrete.” In Vol. 1 of Microdamage and microdamage healing, project summary. McLean, VA: Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center.
Little, D. N., S. Prapnnachari, A. Letton, and Y. R. Kim. 1993. Investigation of the microstructural mechanism of relaxation and fracture healing in asphalt. College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute.
Liu, M., M. A. Ferry, R. R. Davison, C. J. Glover, and J. A. Bullin. 1998. “Oxygen uptake as correlated to carbonyl growth in aged asphalts and asphalt Corbett fractions.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37 (12): 4669–4674. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980450o.
López, C., A. González, G. Thenoux, G. Sandoval, and J. Marcobal. 2019. “Stabilized emulsions to produce warm asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavements.” J. Cleaner Prod. 209 (Feb): 1461–1472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.138.
Lu, X. 2013. Investigation of the fracture healing and mechanism of asphalt binders. Pullman, WA: Washington State Univ.
Lu, X., H. Soenen, and P. Redelius. 2003. “Fatigue and healing characteristics of bitumens studied using dynamic shear rheometer.” In Proc., 6th Int. RILEM Symp. on Performance Testing and Evaluation of Bituminous Materials, 408–415. Paris: RILEM.
Lv, Q., W. Huang, and F. Xiao. 2017. “Laboratory evaluation of self-healing properties of various modified asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 136 (Apr): 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.045.
Ma, T., K. Cui, Y. Zhao, and X. Huang. 2017. “Fatigue evaluation of recycled asphalt mixture based on energy-controlled mode.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2017 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3623658.
McDaniel, R. S., H. Soleymani, R. M. Anderson, P. Turner, and R. Peterson. 2000. Recommended use of reclaimed asphalt pavement in the Superpave mixture design method. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Miró, R., G. Valdés, A. Martínez, P. Segura, and C. Rodríguez. 2011. “Evaluation of high modulus mixture behaviour with high reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) percentages for sustainable road construction.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (10): 3854–3862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.006.
Mullapudi, R. S., K. G. Deepika, and K. S. Reddy. 2019. “Relationship between chemistry and mechanical properties of RAP binder blends.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (7): 04019124. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002769.
Mullapudi, R. S., and K. Sudhakar Reddy. 2018. “An investigation on the relationship between FTIR indices and surface free energy of RAP binders.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1552889.
Pereira, A., R. Micaelo, L. Quaresma, and M. T. Cidade. 2016. “Evaluation of different methods for the estimation of the bitumen fatigue life with DSR testing.” In Proc., 8th RILEM Int. Symp. on Testing and Characterization of Sustainable and Innovative Bituminous Materials, 1017–1028. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Qiu, J. 2012. “Self-healing of asphalt mixtures: Towards a better understanding of the mechanism.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Material Science, TU Delft.
Qiu, J., M. Van de Ven, and A. Molenaar. 2012. “Crack-healing investigation in bituminous materials.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (7): 864–870. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000744.
Ramya Sri, M. 2020. “Fatigue and healing characteristics of asphalt concrete mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, IIT Kharagpur.
Riccardi, C., A. J. D. B. Carrion, D. L. Presti, and M. Losa. 2017. “Reclaimed asphalt binders and mortars fatigue behaviour.” Supplement, Road Mater. Pavement Des. 18 (S2): 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1305148.
Santagata, E., O. Baglieri, D. Dalmazzo, and L. Tsantilis. 2009. “Rheological and chemical investigation on the damage and healing properties of bituminous binders.” In Vol. 78 of Proc., Asphalt Paving Technologists, 567–596. London: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Shan, L., Y. Tan, and Y. R. Kim. 2013. “Establishment of a universal healing evaluation index for asphalt binder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48 (Nov): 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.039.
Shan, L., Y. Tan, S. Underwood, and Y. R. Kim. 2010. “Application of thixotropy to analyze fatigue and healing characteristics of asphalt binder.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2179 (1): 85–92. https://doi.org/10.3141/2179-10.
Shen, S., H. M. Chiu, and H. Huang. 2010. “Characterization of fatigue and healing in asphalt binders.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (9): 846–852. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000080.
Shu, X., B. Huang, and D. Vukosavljevic. 2008. “Laboratory evaluation of fatigue characteristics of recycled asphalt mixture.” Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (7): 1323–1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.04.019.
Singh, D., and D. Sawant. 2016. “Understanding effects of RAP on rheological performance and chemical composition of SBS modified binder using series of laboratory tests.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 9 (3): 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.06.002.
Smith, B. J., and S. A. Hesp. 2000. “Crack pinning in asphalt mastic and concrete: Effect of rest periods and polymer modifiers on the fatigue life.” In Proc., Papers Submitted for Review at 2nd Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress. Breukelen, Netherlands: Foundation Eurasphalt.
Stimilli, A., C. Hintz, Z. Li, R. Velasquez, and H. U. Bahia. 2012. “Effect of healing on fatigue law parameters of asphalt binders.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2293 (1): 96–105. https://doi.org/10.3141/2293-12.
Sun, D., F. Yu, L. Li, T. Lin, and X. Y. Zhu. 2017. “Effect of chemical composition and structure of asphalt binders on self-healing.” Constr. Build. Mater. 133 (Feb): 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.082.
Tabaković, A., A. Gibney, C. McNally, and M. D. Gilchrist. 2010. “Influence of recycled asphalt pavement on fatigue performance of asphalt concrete base courses.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (6): 643–650. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000093.
Tan, Y., L. Shan, Y. R. Kim, and B. S. Underwood. 2012. “Healing characteristics of asphalt binder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 27 (1): 570–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.006.
Tang, J., Q. Liu, S. Wu, Q. Ye, Y. Sun, and E. Schlangen. 2016. “Investigation of the optimal self-healing temperatures and healing time of asphalt binders.” Constr. Build. Mater. 113 (Jun): 1029–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.145.
Van den Bergh, W., and M. F. C. Van de Ven. 2012. “The influence of ageing on the fatigue and healing properties of bituminous mortars.” Procedia Social Behav. Sci. 53 (Oct): 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.878.
Vo, H. V., D. W. Park, J. W. Seo, and T. H. M. Le. 2019. “Effects of asphalt types and aging on healing performance of asphalt mixtures using induction heating method.” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2018.10.009.
Wei, J. M., and Y. Z. Zhang. 2010. “Influence of aging on surface free energy of asphalt binder.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 3 (6): 343–351.
Xiao, F., S. Amirkhanian, and C. H. Juang. 2009. “Prediction of fatigue life of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement using artificial neural networks.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 21 (6): 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:6(253).
Yao, H., Z. You, L. Li, S. W. Goh, C. H. Lee, Y. K. Yap, and X. Shi. 2013. “Rheological properties and chemical analysis of nanoclay and carbon microfiber modified asphalt with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38 (Jan): 327–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.004.
Yi, J., X. Pang, D. Feng, Z. Pei, M. Xu, S. Xie, and Y. Huang. 2018. “Studies on surface energy of asphalt and aggregate at different scales and bonding property of asphalt–aggregate system.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 19 (5): 1102–1125. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1300597.
Zeiada, W. 2012. Endurance limit for HMA based on healing phenomenon using viscoelastic continuum damage analysis. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State Univ.
Zofka, A., M. Chrysochoou, and I. Yut. 2012. “Spectroscopic evaluation of recycled asphalt pavement materials.” In Proc., Geo Congress 2012: State of the Art and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering, 1572–1581. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 8 • August 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 13, 2019
Accepted: Jan 27, 2020
Published online: May 27, 2020
Published in print: Aug 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Oct 27, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.