Small-Strain Shear Modulus of Cement-Treated Marine Clay
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 6
Abstract
This paper proposes a conceptual framework for describing the small-strain shear modulus () of cement-treated clay based on the results of parametric studies covering the influence of mix ratio, curing time, void ratio, stress state, overconsolidation, and yielding on the small-strain shear modulus of cement-treated soft clay. The small-strain shear modulus under the unconfined condition () is first examined and the results are correlated to the unconfined compressive strength (). The influence of effective confining stress () is then included and shown to be well-described by a superposition relation. Finally, the small-strain shear modulus of overconsolidated specimens is discussed. The results show that the modulus of these specimens can also be characterized as a sum of two components, one reflecting the effects of cementation and stress history and the other reflecting the effects of the current mean effective stress, overconsolidation, and destructuration history. Of these three factors, the mean effective stress was found to have the most significant effect, whereas the effects of overconsolidation and history of loss of cementation are generally much less significant.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the National Research Foundation Singapore under its Competitive Research Programme (CRP Award No. NRF-CRP 6-2010-03) and the National University of Singapore (NUS) Research Scholarship.
References
Asano, J., K. Ban, K. Azuma, and K. Takahashi. 1996. “Deep mixing method of soil stabilisation using coal ash.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., IS-Tokyo 96, the 2nd Int. Conf. on Ground Improvement Geosystems, 393–398. Tokyo: Japanese Geotechnical Society.
ASTM. 2003. Standard test methods for modulus and damping of soils by resonant-column method. ASTM D4015-07. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bahador, M., and A. Pak. 2012. “Small-strain shear modulus of cement-admixed kaolinite.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 30 (1): 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9458-1.
Bazne, M. O. A., I. L. Howard, and F. Vahedifard. 2017. “Stabilized very high–moisture dredged soil: Relative behavior of portland-limestone cement and ordinary portland cement.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (9): 04017110. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001970.
Chan, C. M. 2012. “Variation of shear wave arrival time in unconfined soil specimens measured with bender elements.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 30 (2): 419–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9480-3.
Chan, C. M., and S. S. Ch’ng. 2010. “Preliminary study of s-wave velocity and unconfined compressive strength of cement-palf stabilised kaolin.” Int. J. Integr. Eng. 2 (2): 1–8.
Consoli, N. C., A. Viana da Fonseca, R. C. Cruz, and K. S. Heineck. 2009. “Fundamental parameters for the stiffness and strength control of artificially cemented sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 135 (9): 1347–1353. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000008.
Cotecchia, F., and R. J. Chandler. 2000. “A general framework for the mechanical behaviour of clays.” Géotechnique 50 (4): 431–448. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.4.431.
Fatahi, B., B. Fatahi, T. M. Le, and H. Khabbaz. 2013. “Small-strain properties of soft clay treated with fibre and cement.” Geosynthetics Int. 20 (4): 286–300. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.13.00018.
Fatahi, B., H. Khabbaz, and B. Fatahi. 2012. “Mechanical characteristics of soft clay treated with fibre and cement.” Geosynthetics Int. 19 (3): 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.12.00012.
Gallavresi, F. 1992. “Grouting improvement of foundation soils.” In Proc., Grouting, Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics, 1–38. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Goh, T. L., T. S. Tan, K. Y. Yong, and Y. W. Lai. 1999. “Stiffness property of Singapore marine clays improved by cement mixing.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 11th Asian Regional Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 333–336. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Gotoh, R., and K. Shimizu. 1966. “Correlation between shear modulus and shear strength of bentonite gels.” J. Soc. Mater. Sci., Japan 15 (152): 21–24.
Hardin, B. O., and W. L. Black. 1968. “Vibration modulus of normally consolidated clay.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 94 (2): 353–369.
Hardin, B. O., and V. P. Drnevich. 1972. “Shear modulus and damping in soils: Measurement and parameter effects.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 98 (6): 603–624.
Horpibulsuk, S., M. D. Liu, D. S. Liyanapathirana, and J. Suebsuk. 2010. “Behaviour of cemented clay simulated via the theoretical framework of the Structured Cam Clay model.” Comput. Geotech. 37 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.06.007.
Horpibulsuk, S., R. Rachan, A. Suddeepong, and A. Chinkulkijniwat. 2011. “Strength development in cement admixed Bangkok clay: Laboratory and field investigations.” Soils Found. 51 (2): 239–251. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.239.
Horpibulsuk, S., A. Suddeepong, A. Chinkulkijniwat, and M. D. Liu. 2012. “Strength and compressibility of lightweight cemented clays.” Appl. Clay Sci. 69 (Nov): 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.08.006.
Hoyos, L. R., A. J. Puppala, and P. Chainuwat. 2004. “Dynamic properties of chemically stabilized sulfate rich clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (2): 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:2(153).
ISO. 2004. Geotechnical investigation and testing—Laboratory testing of soil, edn 1, part 8-9. TS 17892. Geneva: ISO.
Kamruzzaman, A. H., S. H. Chew, and F. H. Lee. 2009. “Structuration and destructuration behavior of cement-treated Singapore marine clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 135 (4): 573–589. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:4(573).
Kang, G., T. Tsuchida, and A. Athapaththu. 2016. “Engineering behavior of cement-treated marine dredged clay during early and later stages of curing.” Eng. Geol. 209 (Jul): 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.05.008.
Kang, G., T. Tsuchida, and Y. S. Kim. 2017. “Strength and stiffness of cement-treated marine dredged clay at various curing stages.” Constr. Build. Mater. 132 (Feb): 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.124.
Kauschinger, J. L., E. B. Perry, and R. Hankour. 1992. “Jet grouting: State-of-the-practice.” In Proc., Grouting, Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics, 169–181. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Latifi, N., A. S. A. Rashid, S. Siddiqua, and S. Horpibulsuk. 2015. “Micro-structural analysis of strength development in low-and high swelling clays stabilized with magnesium chloride solution—A green soil stabilizer.” Appl. Clay Sci. 118 (Dec): 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.10.001.
Lee, F.-H., Y. Lee, S.-H. Chew, and K.-Y. Yong. 2005. “Strength and modulus of marine clay-cement mixes.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (2): 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:2(178).
Lorenzo, G. A., and D. T. Bergado. 2006. “Fundamental characteristics of cement-admixed clay in deep mixing.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 18 (2): 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:2(161).
Lovelady, P. L., and M. Picornell. 1990. “Sample coupling in resonant column testing of cemented soils.” In Dynamic elastic modulus measurements in materials, edited by A. Wolfenden, 180–194. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM. https://doi.org/10.1520/STP24624S.
Melentijevic, S., J. L. Arcos, and C. Oteo. 2013. “Application of cement deep mixing method for underpinning.” In Proc., 18th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2549–2552. London: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
Niroshan, N., N. Sivakugan, and R. L. Veenstra. 2017. “Laboratory study on strength development in cemented paste backfills.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (7): 04017027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001848.
Pan, Y., Y. Liu, H. Xiao, F. H. Lee, and K. K. Phoon. 2018. “Effect of spatial variability on short-and long-term behaviour of axially-loaded cement-admixed marine clay column.” Comput. Geotech. 94 (Feb): 150–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.09.006.
Pestana, J. M., and L. A. Salvati. 2006. “Small-strain behavior of granular soils. I: Model for cemented and uncemented sands and gravels.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (8): 1071–1081. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:8(1071).
Pitts, J. 1992. Landforms and geomorphic evolution of the islands during the quaternary. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Puppala, A. J., R. Kadam, R. S. Madhyannapu, and L. R. Hoyos. 2006. “Small-strain shear moduli of chemically stabilized sulfate-bearing cohesive soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (3): 322–336. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:3(322).
Rotta, G. V., N. C. Consoli, P. D. M. Prietto, M. R. Coop, and J. Graham. 2003. “Isotropic yielding in an artificially cemented soil cured under stress.” Géotechnique 53 (5): 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.5.493.
Seng, S., and H. Tanaka. 2011. “Properties of cement-treated soils during initial curing stages.” Soils Found. 51 (5): 775–784. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.775.
Shibuya, S., S. C. Hwang, and T. Mitachi. 1997. “Elastic shear modulus of soft clays from shear wave velocity measurement.” Géotechnique 47 (3): 593–601. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1997.47.3.593.
Subramaniam, P., and S. Banerjee. 2016. “Torsional shear and resonant column tests on cement treated marine clay.” Indian Geotech. J. 46 (2): 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-015-0170-6.
Tan, T. S., T. L. Goh, and K. Y. Yong. 2002. “Properties of Singapore marine clays improved by cement mixing.” Geotech. Test. J. 25 (4): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11295J.
Trhlíková, J., D. Mašín, and J. Boháč. 2012. “Small-strain behaviour of cemented soils.” Géotechnique 62 (10): 943–947. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.100.
Tsai, P. H., and S. H. Ni. 2012. “Effects of types of additives on dynamic properties of cement stabilized soils.” Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. 10 (2): 131–144. https://doi.org/10.6703/IJASE.2012.10(2).131.
Uddin, K., A. S. Balasubramaniam, and D. T. Bergado. 1997. “Engineering behaviour of cement-treated Bangkok clay.” Geotech. Eng. 28 (1): 89–119.
Vakili, M. V., A. Chegenizadeh, H. Nikraz, and M. Keramatikerman. 2016. “Investigation on shear strength of stabilised clay using cement, sodium silicate and slag.” Appl. Clay Sci. 124 (May): 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.02.019.
Vardanega, P. J., and M. D. Bolton. 2013. “Stiffness of clays and silts: Normalizing shear modulus and shear strain.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (9): 1575–1589. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000887.
Verástegui Flores, R. D., G. Di Emidio, and W. F. Van Impe. 2010. “Small-strain shear modulus and strength increase of cement-treated clay.” Geotech. Test. J. 33 (1): 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ102354.
Viggiani, G., and J. H. Atkinson. 1995. “Stiffness of fine-grained soil at very small strains.” Géotechnique 45 (2): 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1995.45.2.249.
Xiao, H., F. H. Lee, and Y. Liu. 2016. “Bounding surface Cam-clay model with cohesion for cement-admixed clay.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (1): 04016026. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000671.
Xiao, H., W. Shen, and F. H. Lee. 2017. “Engineering properties of marine clay admixed with portland cement and blended cement with siliceous fly ash.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (10): 04017177. https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0002014.
Xiao, H., K. Yao, Y. Liu, S. H. Goh, and F. H. Lee. 2018. “Bender element measurement of small strain shear modulus of cement-treated marine clay–effect of test setup and methodology.” Constr. Build. Mater. 172 (May): 433–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.258.
Xiao, H. W., F. H. Lee, and K. G. Chin. 2014. “Yielding of cement-treated marine clay.” Soils Found. 54 (3): 488–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.04.021.
Yang, L. 2008. “Shear stiffness modeling of cemented sand and cemented clay.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Notre Dame.
Yang, L., and R. D. Woods. 2015. “Shear stiffness modeling of cemented clay.” Can. Geotech. J. 52 (2): 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0377.
Yao, K., Y. Pan, L. Jia, J. T. Yi, J. Hu, and C. Wu. 2019a. “Strength evaluation of marine clay stabilized by cementitious binder.” Marine Georesour. Geotechnol. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2019.1615583.
Yao, K., H. Xiao, D. H. Chen, and Y. Liu. 2019b. “A direct assessment for the stiffness development of artificially cemented clay.” Géotechnique 69 (8): 741–747. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.18.t.010.
Zhang, R., J. Zheng, and X. Bian. 2017. “Experimental investigation on effect of curing stress on the strength of cement-stabilized clay at high water content.” Acta Geotech. 12 (4): 921–936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-016-0511-3.
Zhang, R. J., Y. T. Lu, T. S. Tan, K. K. Phoon, and A. M. Santoso. 2014. “Long-term effect of curing temperature on the strength behavior of cement-stabilized clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (8): 04014045. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001144.
Zhang, R. J., A. M. Santoso, T. S. Tan, and K. K. Phoon. 2013. “Strength of high water-content marine clay stabilized by low amount of cement.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 139 (12): 2170–2181. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000951.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 11, 2018
Accepted: Oct 11, 2019
Published online: Mar 18, 2020
Published in print: Jun 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Aug 18, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.