Effects of Steel Slag on Mechanical Properties and Mechanism of Fly Ash–Based Geopolymer
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 2
Abstract
In order to study the effects of steel slag on the mechanical properties and microstructure of geopolymers, the compressive strength and flexural strength of a fly-ash steel slag–based geopolymer paste/mortar have been explored. Linear analysis of strength of fly-ash steel slag–based geopolymeric mortar with steel slag content was studied. The microstructure and mechanism of fly-ash steel slag–based geopolymer were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The pore structure was tested by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The results show that the early strength of geopolymers shows an upward trend with the increase of steel slag content, however, in the later age, the compressive strength of the sample gradually decreases when the steel slag content exceeds 10%. FT-IR and XRD results indicate that both sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gel and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate(C-S-H) gel exist in the fly-ash steel slag–based geopolymer. BET and FE-SEM results show that compared with the control sample (FAP-0), more mesopores and fewer macropores are present in the paste sample with 30% steel slag (FAP-30).
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial supports received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51478328), Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai of China (No. 17ZR1442000), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No. 22120180087).
References
Bai, E. L., J. Y. Xu, and J. L. Liu. 2016. “3 hour dynamic performance of early strength geopolymer concrete.” Mater. Rev. 30 (S2): 429–431.
Bai, T., Z. G. Song, Y. G. Wu, X. D. Hu, and H. Bai. 2018. “Influence of steel slag on the mechanical properties and curing time of metakaolin geopolymer.” Ceram. Int. 44 (13): 15706–15713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.05.243.
Barbosa, V. F. F., K. J. D. MacKenzie, and C. Thaumaturgo. 2000. “Synthesis and characterisation of materials based on inorganic polymers of alumina and silica: Sodium polysialate polymers.” Int. J. Inorg. Mater. 2 (4): 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1466-6049(00)00041-6.
Chindaprasirt, P., T. Chareerat, and V. Sirivivatnanon. 2006. “Workability and strength of coarse high calcium fly ash geopolymer.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 29 (3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.11.002.
Cui, S. P., and H. X. Guo. 2012. “Synthesis and characterization of amorphous calcium-silieate hydrate (C-S-H) nanoparticles.” Bull. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 31 (03): 531–534. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1852072.
Cui, X. M., L. P. Liu, and G. J. Zheng. 2010. “Characterization of chemosynthetic Al2O3-2SiO2 geopolymers.” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 356 (2): 72–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2009.10.008.
Davidovits, J. 1991. “Geopolymers.” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 37 (8): 1633–1656. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01912193.
Ding, Y. C., Y. S. Fang, and T. W. Cheng. 2015. “Preparation and characterization of vitrified slag/geopolymers for construction and fire-resistance applications.” Mater. Struct. 49 (5): 1883–1891. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0620-8.
Dondrob, K., N. Koshy, Q. Wen, and L. Hu. 2018. “Synthesis and characterization of geopolymers from coal gangue, fly ash and red mud.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 8th Int. Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, 420–427. Berlin: Springer.
Everett, D. H. 1972. “Manual of symbols and terminology for physicochemical quantities and units, appendix II: Definitions, terminology and symbols in colloid and surface chemistry.” Pure Appl. Chem. 31 (4): 577. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197231040577.
Guo, X. L., and H. S. Shi. 2013. “Modification of steel slag powder by mineral admixture and chemical activators to utilize in cement-based materials.” Mater. Struct. 46 (8): 1265–1273. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9970-7.
Guo, X. L., L. Wu, and H. S. Shi. 2017. “Effects of different heavy metals on fly ash-based geopolymer.” Chin. J. Mater. Res. 31 (6): 437–444. https://doi.org/10.11901/1005.3093.2016.533.
Huang, X., T. Huang, S. Li, F. Muhammad, G. J. Xu, Z. Q. Zhao, L. Yu, Y. J. Yan, D. W. Li, and B. Q. Jiao. 2016. “Immobilization of chromite ore processing residue with alkali-activated blast furnace slag-based geopolymer.” Ceram. Int. 42 (8): 9538–9549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.03.033.
ISO. 2008. Cement-test methods-determination of setting time and soundness. ISO 9597. Geneva: ISO.
ISO. 2009. Cement-test methods-determination of strength. ISO 679. Geneva: ISO.
Khan, M. S. H., A. Castel, A. Akbarnezhad, S. J. Foster, and M. Smith. 2016. “Utilisation of steel furnace slag coarse aggregate in a low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 89 (11): 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.09.001.
Li, J. X., Q. J. Yu, J. X. Wei, and T. S. Zhang. 2011. “Structural characteristics and hydration kinetics of modified steel slag.” Cem. Concr. Res. 41 (3): 324–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.018.
Li, Y. X. 2003. “Study on composition, structure and properties of cement and concrete with steel-making slag powder mineral additive.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Materials Science, China Building Materials Academy.
Liang, G. W., H. J. Chu, P. Yan, W. Liu, T. Yang, J. Xu, and Y. Zhou. 2018. “Study on the freeze-thaw resistance properties of slag-fly ash based geopolymer.” Non-Metal. Mines. 41 (3): 11–13.
Liu, L. C. 2013. “Study on preparation and performance of ceramic fiber and silica fume reinforced alkali-activated steel slag-based cementitious material.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Materials Science, Xian Univ. of Architecture and Technology.
Murphy, J. N., T. R. Meadowcroft, and P. V. Barr. 1997. “Enhancement of the cementitious properties of steelmaking slag.” Can. Metall. Q. 36 (5): 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1997.36.5.315.
Niklioć, I., and S. Marković. 2016. “Modification of mechanical and thermal properties of fly ash-based geopolymer by the incorporation of steel slag.” J. Mat. Let. 176 (8): 301–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.04.121.
Ouellet-Plamondon, G. H. C. 2016. “Recent update on the environmental impact of geopolymers.” RILEM Tech. Let. 1 (4): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2016.6.
Palomo, A., M. T. Blanco-Varela, M. L. Granizo, F. Puertas, T. Vazquez, and M. W. Grutzeck. 1999. “Chemical stability of cementitious materials based on metakaolin.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (7): 997–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00074-5.
Santa, R. A. A. B., C. Soares, and H. G. Riella. 2016. “Geopolymers with a high percentage of bottom ash for solidification/immobilization of different toxic metals.” J. Hazard. Mater. 318: 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.059.
Wang, B. M., Y. Zhang, and Y. Han. 2011a. “On comprehensive utilization of fly ash.” Res. Appl. Build. Mater. 10: 10–13. https://doi.org/10.13923/j.cnki.cn14-1291/tu.2011.10.005.
Wang, C. X., Z. Liu, F. L. Kong, Y. Y. Xu, D. M. Wang, and T. Su. 2015. “Preparation and properties of steel slag and fly ash based geopolymer.” B. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 34 (12): 3430–3435. https://doi.org/10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2015.12.004.
Wang, Q., P. Y. Yan, and J. W. Feng. 2011b. “A discussion on improving hydration activity of steel slag by altering its mineral compositions.” J. Hazard. Mater. 186 (2–3): 1070–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.109.
World Steel Association. 2018. “Crude steel production [EB/OL] 2017.” Accessed January 24, 2019. https://www.worldsteel.org/media-centre/press-releases/2018/november-2018-crude-steel-production.html.
Yang, L. X., and Z. Y. Shi. 2012. “‘Eleventh five’ fly ash comprehensive utilization achievements, future technology orientation and development tendency in our country.” Coal Ash. 24 (4): 4–9.
Yao, T. Z., M. S. Xia, and Y. Ye. 2010. “Advance on fly ash-based mineral polymer material.” Coal Ash. 22 (2): 38–41.
Yu, P., R. J. Kirkpatrick, B. Poe, P. F. McMillan, and X. D. Cong. 1999. “Structure of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H): Near-, mid-, and far-infrared spectroscopy.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82 (3): 742–748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01826.x.
Zhang, C. B., Z. L. Shi, and S. H. Wang. 2008. “Current status and perspective of researches on geopolymer. B.” Chin. Ceram. Soc. 27 (1): 127–131. https://doi.org/10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2008.01.039.
Zhang, Z. L., and Z. H. Yang. 2013. “Theoretical and practical discussion of measurement aphysisorption with micro- and mesoporous materials.” Chin. J. Catal. 34 (10): 1797–1810. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(12)60601-9.
Zhao, J. W., C. Cui, Y. P. Ge, J. Xiao, H. Peng, and J. R. Zhang. 2016. “Recent development of research on durability of geopolymer for civil structural applications.” Bull. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 35 (9): 2832–2840. https://doi.org/10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2016.09.024.
Zheng, L., W. Wang, and Y. C. Shi. 2010. “The effects of alkaline dosage and Si/Al ratio on the immobilization of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash-based geopolymer.” Chemosphere 79 (6): 665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.018.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 2 • February 2020
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 20, 2018
Accepted: Jul 9, 2019
Published online: Nov 28, 2019
Published in print: Feb 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Apr 28, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.