Formulation of Modified Cement Mortars Using Optimal Combination of Fly Ashes, Shiv, and Hemp Fibers
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 2
Abstract
This study reports the combined effects of fly ashes, hemp fibers, and shives on the strength performance of modified mortars. Fly ashes are first processed using high-intensity mechanical milling. Natural fibers are observed using X-ray microtomography to reveal the microstructural arrangement. Preliminary formulations are attempted with different proportions of hemp fibers and shives up to 4%. X-ray diffraction, infrared, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) methods are used to reveal the main structural changes in modified cement pastes. Workability and strength characteristics of various formulations are evaluated for ranking. The best performing modified mortars are selected based on their strength performance to formulate the mix proportions of milled fly ash and cement mortar. The experimental results demonstrate the beneficial effect of adding hemp fibers with shiv to achieve acceptable workability. In addition, it was found that the optimal hemp content in modified mortar was 3%. This amount minimizes the negative effect of natural additions on mechanical strength. Finally, fly ashes are found to be an efficient leverage to formulate modified mortars exhibiting a strength performance superior to that of the reference mortar.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Dr. Johnny Beaugrand for providing hemp fiber and shiv materials. The authors are also grateful to M. Marc Bonnet for providing technical assistance in SEM analysis.
References
Abdelaziz, S., S. Guessasma, A. Bouaziz, R. Hamzaoui, J. Beaugrand, and A. A. Souid. 2016. “Date palm spikelet in mortar: Testing and modelling to reveal the mechanical performance.” Constr. Build. Mater. 124 (Oct): 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.039.
Aligizaki, K. K. 2005. Pore structure of cement-based materials: Testing, interpretation and requirements. 1st ed. London: CRC Press.
Al-Mohamadawi, A., K. Benhabib, R.-M. Dheilly, and A. Goullieux. 2016. “Influence of lignocellulosic aggregate coating with paraffin wax on flax shive and cement-shive composite properties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 102 (Jan): 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.190.
Asprone, D., M. Durante, A. Prota, and G. Manfredi. 2011. “Potential of structural pozzolanic matrix–hemp fiber grid composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (6): 2867–2874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.046.
Barnes, P., and J. Bensted. 2001. Structure and performance of cements. 2nd ed. London: CRC Press.
Beaugrand, J., S. Guessasma, and J.-E. Maigret. 2017. “Damage mechanisms in defected natural fibers.” Sci. Rep. 7 (1): 14041. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14514-6.
Bouaziz, A., R. Hamzaoui, S. Guessasma, R. Lakhal, D. Achoura, and N. Leklou. 2017. “Efficiency of high energy over conventional milling of granulated blast furnace slag powder to improve mechanical performance of slag cement paste.” Powder Technol. 308 (Feb): 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.12.014.
de Bruijn, P. B., K.-H. Jeppsson, K. Sandin, and C. Nilsson. 2009. “Mechanical properties of lime–hemp concrete containing shives and fibers.” Biosyst. Eng. 103 (4): 474–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.02.005.
Diquélou, Y., E. Gourlay, L. Arnaud, and B. Kurek. 2015. “Impact of hemp shiv on cement setting and hardening: Influence of the extracted components from the aggregates and study of the interfaces with the inorganic matrix.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 55 (Jan): 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.09.004.
Elfordy, S., F. Lucas, F. Tancret, Y. Scudeller, and L. Goudet. 2008. “Mechanical and thermal properties of lime and hemp concrete (“hempcrete”) manufactured by a projection process.” Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (10): 2116–2123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.016.
El Hachem, C., P. Ye, K. Abahri, and R. Bennacer. 2017. “Fiber’s hygromorphic effect on thermal conductivity of wooden fibrous insulation characterized by X-ray tomography.” Constr. Build. Mater. 150 (Sep): 758–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.013.
Fernández-Carrasco, L., D. Torrens-Martín, L. M. Morales, and S. Martínez-Ramírez. 2012. “Infrared spectroscopy in the analysis of building and construction materials.” In Infrared Spectroscopy—Materials Science, Engineering and Technology, edited by T. Theophanides. Rijeka, Croatia: Intech.
Fourmentin, M., P. Faure, P. Pelupessy, V. Sarou-Kanian, U. Peter, D. Lesueur, S. Rodts, D. Daviller, and P. Coussot. 2016. “NMR and MRI observation of water absorption/uptake in hemp shives used for hemp concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 124 (Oct): 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.100.
Georgopoulou, A., Y. Sarafidis, S. Mirasgedis, C. A. Balaras, A. Gaglia, and D. P. Lalas. 2006. “Evaluating the need for economic support policies in promoting greenhouse gas emission reduction measures in the building sector: The case of Greece.” Energy Policy 34 (Oct): 2012–2031. https://doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2005.02.002.
Gourlay, E., P. Glé, S. Marceau, C. Foy, and S. Moscardelli. 2017. “Effect of water content on the acoustical and thermal properties of hemp concretes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 139: 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.018.
Hamzaoui, R., O. Bouchenafa, S. Guessasma, N. Leklou, and A. Bouaziz. 2016. “The sequel of modified fly ashes using high energy ball milling on mechanical performance of substituted past cement.” Mater. Des. 90 (Jan): 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.10.109.
Hamzaoui, R., S. Guessasma, and K. Abahri. 2017. “Mechanical performance of mortars modified with hemp fibres, shives and milled fly ashes.” In Proc., 2nd Int. RILEM/COST Conf. on Early Age Cracking and Serviceability in Cement-based Materials and Structures—EAC2. Brussels, Belgium: Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
Hamzaoui, R., S. Guessasma, B. Mecheri, A. M. Eshtiaghi, and A. Bennabi. 2014. “Microstructure and mechanical performance of modified mortar using hemp fibers and carbon nanotubes.” Mater. Des. (1980-2015) 56 (Apr): 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.10.084.
Hartmann, A., M. Khakhutov, and J. C. Buhl. 2014. “Hydrothermal synthesis of CSH-phases (tobermorite) under influence of Ca-formate.” Mater. Res. Bull. 51 (Mar): 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.12.030.
Kabir, M. M., H. Wang, K. T. Lau, and F. Cardona. 2013. “Effects of chemical treatments on hemp fiber structure.” Appl. Surf. Sci. 276 (Jul): 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.02.086.
Le Troedec, M., A. Rachini, C. Peyratout, S. Rossignol, E. Max, O. Kaftan, A. Fery, and A. Smith. 2011. “Influence of chemical treatments on adhesion properties of hemp fibers.” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 356 (1): 303–310.
Li, G., and X. Wu. 2005. “Influence of fly ash and its mean particle size on certain engineering properties of cement composite mortars.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (6): 1128–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.08.014.
Li, Z., X. Wang, and L. Wang. 2006. “Properties of hemp fiber reinforced concrete composites.” Composites Part A 37 (3): 497–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.01.032.
Mikhailenko, P., F. Cassagnabère, A. Emam, and M. Lachemi. 2018. “Influence of physico-chemical characteristics on the carbonation of cement paste at high replacement rates of metakaolin.” Constr. Build. Mater. 158 (Jan): 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.021.
Mostefai, N., R. Hamzaoui, S. Guessasma, A. Aw, and H. Nouri. 2015. “Microstructure and mechanical performance of modified hemp fiber and shiv mortars: Discovering the optimal formulation.” Mater. Des. 84 (Nov): 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.102.
Mwaikambo, L. Y., N. Tucker, and A. J. Clark. 2007. “Mechanical properties of hemp-fiber-reinforced euphorbia composites.” Macromol. Mater. Eng. 292 (9): 993–1000. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200700092.
Nässén, J., J. Holmberg, A. Wadeskog, and M. Nyman. 2007. “Direct and indirect energy use and carbon emissions in the production phase of buildings: An input–output analysis.” Energy 32 (Sep): 1593–1602. https://doi:10.1016/j.energy.2007.01.002.
Rahim, M., O. Douzane, A. D. Tran Le, G. Promis, B. Laidoudi, A. Crigny, B. Dupre, and T. Langlet. 2015. “Characterization of flax lime and hemp lime concretes: Hygric properties and moisture buffer capacity.” Energy Build. 88 (Feb): 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.11.043.
Rode, C., R. Peuhkuri, B. Time, K. Svennberg, and T. Ojanen. 2007. “Moisture buffer value of building materials.” J. ASTM Int. 4 (5): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI100369.
Sawpan, M. A., K. L. Pickering, and A. Fernyhough. 2011. “Effect of various chemical treatments on the fiber structure and tensile properties of industrial hemp fibers.” Composites Part A 42 (8): 888–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.03.008.
Sedan, D., C. Pagnoux, A. Smith, and T. Chotard. 2008. “Mechanical properties of hemp fiber reinforced cement: Influence of the fiber/matrix interaction.” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 28 (1): 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.05.019.
Shah, V., K. Scrivener, B. Bhattacharjee, and S. Bishnoi. 2018. “Changes in microstructure characteristics of cement paste on carbonation.” Cem. Concr. Res. 109 (Jul): 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.04.016.
Siddique, R. 2004. “Properties of concrete incorporating high volumes of class F fly ash and san fibers.” Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (1): 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00192-3.
Taylor, R., I. G. Richardson, and R. M. D. Brydson. 2010. “Composition and microstructure of 20-year-old ordinary Portland cement–ground granulated blast-furnace slag blends containing 0 to 100% slag.” Cem. Concr. Res. 40 (7): 971–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.02.012.
Thomsen, A. B., S. Rasmussen, V. Bohn, K. Vad Nielsen, and A. Thygesen. 2005. Hemp raw materials: The effect of cultivar, growth conditions and pretreatment on the chemical composition of the fibers. Roskilde, Denmark: Risø National Laboratory.
Tran Le, A. D., C. Maalouf, T. H. Mai, E. Wurtz, and F. Collet. 2010. “Transient hygrothermal behaviour of a hemp concrete building envelope.” Energy Build. 42 (10): 1797–1806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.05.016.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 2 • February 2020
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 27, 2018
Accepted: May 29, 2019
Published online: Dec 9, 2019
Published in print: Feb 1, 2020
Discussion open until: May 9, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.