Static and Cyclic Flexural Behaviors of Edge-Oxidized Graphene Oxide Cement Composites
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 31, Issue 11
Abstract
This paper investigates the flexural fatigue behavior of cement mortar mixed with edge-oxidized graphene oxide (EOGO), a carbon nanomaterial reinforcing cement hydration products. EOGO is produced by a mechanochemical process that enables dramatically reduced costs, making it suitable for large-volume infrastructure construction. The compressive and flexural strengths of the EOGO cement mortar mixtures are also compared with the results of fatigue tests. Test results indicate that the cement mortar containing 0.05% of EOGO by weight of cement exhibits the best flexural fatigue performance as well as compressive and flexural strengths. It is also found that the EOGO mixed specimens show a faster increase in flexural fatigue strains than the control specimens under sinusoidal loading. This implies that EOGO helps to prevent or delay the propagation of internal damage (e.g., microcracks) in the cement composites in an early fatigue phase, resulting in enhanced flexural ductility. Thus, it is concluded that the EOGO can be used as an additive, with cost competitiveness, for improving the structural fatigue performance of cementitious composites.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Ahmed, H., J. A. Bogas, and M. Guedes. 2018. “Mechanical behavior and transport properties of cementitious composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (10): 04018257. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002470.
Ajayan, P. 1999. “Nanotubes from carbon.” Chem. Rev. 99 (7): 1787–1800. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr970102g.
Alharbi, Y., J. An, B. Cho, M. Khawaji, W. Chung, and B. Nam. 2018. “Mechanical and sorptivity characteristics of edge-oxidized graphene oxide (EOGO)-cement composites: Dry- and wet-mix design methods.” Nanomaterials 8 (9): 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090718.
Al-Muhit, B. A., B. Nam, L. Zhai, and J. Zuyus. 2015. “Investigation on mechanical and microstructural properties of graphene-oxide cement composite.” In Proc., Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
An, J., B. H. Cho, Y. Alharbi, M. Khawaji, M. McInnis, and B. H. Nam. 2018a. “Optimized mix design for graphene oxide nanoflake (GONF)–cement composite.” In Proc., Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
An, J., M. McInnis, W. Chung, and B. Nam. 2018b. “Feasibility of using graphene oxide nanoflake (GONF) as additive of cement composite.” Appl. Sci. 8 (3): 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8030419.
ASTM. 2016a. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars. ASTM C109. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016b. Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with center-point loading). ASTM C293. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018a. Standard specification for concrete aggregates. ASTM C33. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018b. Standard specification for portland cement. ASTM C150. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Blair, R. G., K. Chagoya, S. Biltek, S. Jackson, A. Sinclair, A. Taraboletti, and D. T. Restrepo. 2014. “The scalability in the mechanochemical syntheses of edge functionalized graphene materials and biomass-derived chemicals.” Faraday Discuss. 170: 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4FD00007B.
Chuah, S., Z. Pan, J. G. Sanjayan, C. M. Wang, and W. H. Duan. 2014. “Nano reinforced cement and concrete composites and new perspective from graphene oxide.” Constr. Build. Mater. 73 (Dec): 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.040.
Deng, Z. 2005. “The fracture and fatigue performance in flexure of carbon fiber reinforced concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 27 (1): 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.03.002.
Devasena, M., and J. Karthikeyan. 2015. “Investigation on strength properties of graphene oxide concrete.” Int. J. Eng. Sci. Invention Res. Dev. 1 (8): 307–310.
Dreyer, D. R., A. D. Todd, and C. W. Bielawski. 2014. “Harnessing the chemistry of graphene oxide.” Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 (15): 5288–5301. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00060A.
Gao, L., and C.-T. T. Hsu. 1998. “Fatigue of concrete under uniaxial compression cyclic loading.” Mater. J. 95 (5): 575–581.
Gao, W. 2015. Graphene oxide: The chemistry of graphene oxide, 61–95. New York: Springer.
Garmor. 2015. “Technology.” Accessed June 01, 2015. http://garmortech.com/wordpress1/technology/.
Ghazizadeh, S., P. Duffour, N. T. Skipper, and Y. Bai. 2018. “Understanding the behaviour of graphene oxide in portland cement paste.” Cem. Concr. Res. 111 (Sep): 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.05.016.
Gong, K., Z. Pan, A. H. Korayem, L. Qiu, D. Li, F. Collins, C. M. Wang, and W. H. Duan. 2014. “Reinforcing effects of graphene oxide on portland cement paste.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (2): A4014010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001125.
Huang, X., Z. Yin, S. Wu, X. Qi, Q. He, Q. Zhang, Q. Yan, F. Boey, and H. Zhang. 2011. “Graphene-based materials: Synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications.” Small 7 (14): 1876–1902. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201002009.
Hummers, W. S., Jr., and R. E. Offeman. 1958. “Preparation of graphitic oxide.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80 (6): 1339.
Konsta-Gdoutos, M. S., Z. S. Metaxa, and S. P. Shah. 2010. “Multi-scale mechanical and fracture characteristics and early-age strain capacity of high performance carbon nanotube/cement nanocomposites.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 32 (2): 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.10.007.
Kroto, H., J. Heath, S. Brien, R. Curl, and R. Smalley. 1985. “C (60): Buckminsterfullerene.” Nature 318 (6042): 162–163. https://doi.org/10.1038/318162a0.
Kumar, S., P. Kolay, S. Malla, and S. Mishra. 2011. “Effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on mechanical strength of cement paste.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (1): 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000350.
Lavagna, L., S. Musso, G. Ferro, and M. Pavese. 2018. “Cement-based composites containing functionalized carbon fibers.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 88 (Apr): 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.02.007.
Lee, M., and B. Barr. 2004. “An overview of the fatigue behaviour of plain and fibre reinforced concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 26 (4): 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00139-7.
Li, W., X. Li, S. J. Chen, G. Long, Y. M. Liu, and W. H. Duan. 2017a. “Effects of nanoalumina and graphene oxide on early-age hydration and mechanical properties of cement paste.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (9): 04017087. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001926.
Li, X., Y. M. Liu, W. G. Li, C. Y. Li, J. G. Sanjayan, W. H. Duan, and Z. Li. 2017b. “Effects of graphene oxide agglomerates on workability, hydration, microstructure and compressive strength of cement paste.” Constr. Build. Mater. 145 (Aug): 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.058.
Li, X., Z. Lu, S. Chuah, W. Li, Y. Liu, W. H. Duan, and Z. Li. 2017c. “Effects of graphene oxide aggregates on hydration degree, sorptivity, and tensile splitting strength of cement paste.” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 100 (Sep): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.05.002.
Li, X., W. Wei, H. Qin, and Y. H. Hu. 2015. “Co-effects of graphene oxide sheets and single wall carbon nanotubes on mechanical properties of cement.” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 85 (Oct): 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2015.04.018.
Lu, C., and C. K. Leung. 2016. “A new model for the cracking process and tensile ductility of strain hardening cementitious composites (SHCC).” Cem. Concr. Res. 79 (Jan): 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.10.009.
Lu, C., Z. Lu, Z. Li, and C. K. Leung. 2016. “Effect of graphene oxide on the mechanical behavior of strain hardening cementitious composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 120 (Sep): 457–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.122.
Lu, L., and D. Ouyang. 2017. “Properties of cement mortar and ultra-high strength concrete incorporating graphene oxide nanosheets.” Nanomaterials 7 (7): 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7070187.
Lv, S., J. Liu, T. Sun, Y. Ma, and Q. Zhou. 2014. “Effect of GO nanosheets on shapes of cement hydration crystals and their formation process.” Constr. Build. Mater. 64 (Aug): 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.061.
Lv, S., Y. Ma, C. Qiu, T. Sun, J. Liu, and Q. Zhou. 2013. “Effect of graphene oxide nanosheets of microstructure and mechanical properties of cement composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 49 (Dec): 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.022.
Mohammed, A., J. Sanjayan, W. Duan, and A. Nazari. 2015. “Incorporating graphene oxide in cement composites: A study of transport properties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 84 (Jun): 341–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.083.
Mohammed, A., J. Sanjayan, A. Nazari, and N. Al-Saadi. 2017. “Effects of graphene oxide in enhancing the performance of concrete exposed to high-temperature.” Aust. J. Civ. Eng. 15 (1): 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/14488353.2017.1372849.
Mokhtar, M., S. Abo-El-Enein, M. Hassaan, M. Morsy, and M. Khalil. 2017. “Mechanical performance, pore structure and micro-structural characteristics of graphene oxide nano platelets reinforced cement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 138 (May): 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.021.
Müller, M. B., J. P. Quirino, P. N. Nesterenko, P. R. Haddad, S. Gambhir, D. Li, and G. G. Wallace. 2010. “Capillary zone electrophoresis of graphene oxide and chemically converted graphene.” J. Chromatogr. A 1217 (48): 7593–7597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.069.
Mun, J.-S., K.-H. Yang, and S.-J. Kim. 2016. “Tests on the compressive fatigue performance of various concretes.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (10): 04016099. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001612.
Musso, S., J.-M. Tulliani, G. Ferro, and A. Tagliaferro. 2009. “Influence of carbon nanotubes structure on the mechanical behavior of cement composites.” Compos. Sci. Technol. 69 (11–12): 1985–1990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.05.002.
Nadiv, R., M. Shtein, M. Refaeli, A. Peled, and O. Regev. 2016. “The critical role of nanotube shape in cement composites.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 71 (Aug): 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.05.012.
Nováček, M., O. Jankovský, J. Luxa, D. Sedmidubský, M. Pumera, V. Fila, M. Lhotka, K. Klímová, S. Matějková, and Z. Sofer. 2017. “Tuning of graphene oxide composition by multiple oxidations for carbon dioxide storage and capture of toxic metals.” J. Mater. Chem. A 5 (6): 2739–2748. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA03631G.
Pan, Z., L. He, L. Qiu, A. H. Korayem, G. Li, J. W. Zhu, F. Collins, D. Li, W. H. Duan, and M. C. Wang. 2015. “Mechanical properties and microstructure of a graphene oxide-cement composite.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 58 (Apr): 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.02.001.
Sharma, S., and N. Kothiyal. 2015. “Influence of graphene oxide as dispersed phase in cement mortar matrix in defining the crystal patterns of cement hydrates and its effect on mechanical, microstructural and crystallization properties.” RSC Adv. 5 (65): 52642–52657. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA08078A.
Soroushian, P., and M. Elzafraney. 2004. “Damage effects on concrete performance and microstructure.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 26 (7): 853–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2003.05.001.
Stynoski, P., P. Mondal, and C. Marsh. 2015. “Effects of silica additives on fracture properties of carbon nanotube and carbon fiber reinforced portland cement mortar.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 55 (Jan): 232–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.08.005.
Tyson, B. M., R. K. Abu Al-Rub, A. Yazdanbakhsh, and Z. Grasley. 2011. “Carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers for enhancing the mechanical properties of nanocomposite cementitious materials.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (7): 1028–1035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000266.
Vipulanandan, C., and V. Garas. 2008. “Electrical resistivity, pulse velocity, and compressive properties of carbon fiber-reinforced cement mortar.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 20 (2): 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:2(93).
Wang, Q., J. Wang, C.-X. Lu, B.-W. Liu, K. Zhang, and C.-Z. Li. 2015. “Influence of graphene oxide additions on the microstructure and mechanical strength of cement.” New Carbon Mater. 30 (4): 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(15)60194-9.
Xiao, J., H. Li, and Z. Yang. 2013. “Fatigue behavior of recycled aggregate concrete under compression and bending cyclic loadings.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38 (Jan): 681–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.024.
Yang, H., M. Monasterio, H. Cui, and N. Han. 2017. “Experimental study of the effects of graphene oxide on microstructure and properties of cement paste composite.” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufact. 102 (Nov): 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.07.022.
Zhang, B. 1998. “Relationship between pore structure and mechanical properties of ordinary concrete under bending fatigue.” Cem. Concr. Res. 28 (5): 699–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00037-4.
Zhao, L., X. Guo, Y. Liu, C. Ge, L. Guo, X. Shu, and J. Liu. 2017. “Synergistic effects of silica nanoparticles/polycarboxylate superplasticizer modified graphene oxide on mechanical behavior and hydration process of cement composites.” RSC Adv. 7 (27): 16688–16702. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA01716B.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 31 • Issue 11 • November 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 10, 2018
Accepted: May 29, 2019
Published online: Aug 28, 2019
Published in print: Nov 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Jan 28, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.