Small-Strain Behavior of Cement-Stabilized Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Pavement Base Layers
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 31, Issue 5
Abstract
A novel approach has been used to simulate the true field performance of cement-stabilized recycled concrete aggregate in pavement bases using a unique, large-scale, fully instrumented pavement model tank (PMT). Vertical deformation and horizontal strains were measured under cyclic loading conditions that simulate traffic loading in the PMT, with a pavement structure comprising a cement-stabilized recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) base layer with 4% cement overlying a typical subgrade material. The stabilized base layer showed anisotropic resilient properties. Minimal measured strains at the interface of the base and subgrade layers demonstrate acceptable performance of the stabilized base layer under repeated loads. The cement-stabilized RCA base layer was modeled using the hardening soil model for small strains and was found to have anisotropic resilient properties. The shear moduli and resilient moduli were adjusted during the back-calculation process to match the measured and calculated deformations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Australian Research Council’s Linkage Projects funding scheme (Project No. LP120100107).
References
AASHTO. 2007. Standard method of test for determining the resilient modulus of soils and aggregate materials. AASHTO T307-99. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Al-Bared, M. A. M., A. Marto, and N. Latifi. 2018a. “Utilization of recycled tiles and tyres in stabilization of soils and production of construction materials—A state-of-the-art review.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 22 (10): 3860–3874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-1532-2.
Al-Bared, M. A. M., A. Marto, N. Latifi, and S. Horpibulsuk. 2018b. “Sustainable improvement of marine clay using recycled blended tiles.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 36 (5): 3135–3147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0525-8.
Al-Qadi, I. L., T. L. Brandon, R. J. Valentine, B. A. Lacina, and T. E. Smith. 1994. “Laboratory evaluation of geosynthetic reinforced pavement sections.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1439: 25–31.
Arulrajah, A., M. Disfani, V. Suthagaran, and M. W. Bo. 2013a. “Laboratory evaluation of the geotechnical characteristics of wastewater biosolids in road embankments.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (11): 1682–1691. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000739.
Arulrajah, A., J. Piratheepan, M. M. Disfani, and M. W. Bo. 2013b. “Geotechnical and geoenvironmental properties of recycled construction and demolition materials in pavement subbase applications.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (8): 1077–1088. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000652.
AS (Standards Australia). 1995a. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes, Method 3.2.1: Soil classification tests—Determination of the plastic limit of a soil. AS 1289.3.2.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 1995b. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes, Method 3.4.1: Soil classification tests—Determination of the linear shrinkage of a soil. AS-1289.3.4.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 1997. Soil chemical tests—Determination of the pH value of a soil—Electrometric method. AS 1289.4.3.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 1998. Determination of the California bearing ratio of a soil—Standard laboratory method for a remoulded specimen. AS 1289.6.1.1. Syndey, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 2000a. Particle density and water absorption of coarse aggregate—Weighing-in-water method. AS 1141.6.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 2000b. Particle density and water absorption of fine aggregate. AS 1141.5.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 2003. Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry density/moisture content relation of a soil using modified compactive effort. AS 1289.5.2.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 2008. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes—Soil classification tests—Determination of the linear shrinkage of a soil. AS 1289.3.4.1. Syndey, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 2009a. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes, Method 3.3.1: Soil classification tests—Calculation of the plasticity index of a soil. AS 1289.3.3.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
AS (Standards Australia). 2009b. Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes—Soil classification tests—Determination of the liquid limit of a soil—Four point Casagrande method. AS 1289.3.1.1. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
ASTM. 2006. Standard test method for resistance to degradation of small-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles machine. ASTM C131. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2007. Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils. ASTM D422-63. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2009. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of compacted soil-lime mixtures. ASTM D5102. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2011. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). ASTM D2487. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Auld, B. 1977. “Cross-hole and down-hole Vs by mechanical impulse.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 103 (12): 1381–1398.
Austroads. 2004a. Guide to the structural design of road pavements. Sydney, Australia: Austroads.
Austroads. 2004b. Pavement design: A guide to the structural design of road pavements. Sydney, Australia: Austroads.
Benz, T., R. Schwab, R. A. Kauther, and P. A. Vermeer. 2008. “A Hoek-Brown criterion with intrinsic material strength factorization.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 45 (2): 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.05.003.
Brown, E. R., and R. B. Powell. 2001. “A general overview of research efforts at the NCAT pavement test track.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Symp. on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements and Technological Control. Auburn, AL: National Center for Asphalt Technology.
BSI (British Standard Institution). 2000. Method for determination of particle shape; flakiness index. BS 812-105.1. London: BSI.
Chakrabarti, S., and J. Kodikara. 2005. “Shrinkage behaviour of crushed basaltic rock and residual clay mixture stabilized with cementitious binders.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 6 (1): 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430500068654.
Chen, D.-H., and F. Hugo. 1998. “Full-scale accelerated pavement testing of Texas mobile load simulator.” J. Transp. Eng. 124 (5): 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1998)124:5(479).
Das, B. M., and K. Sobhan. 2013. Principles of geotechnical engineering. 8th ed. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
Davich, P., J. Labuz, B. Guzina, and A. Drescher. 2004. Small strain and resilient modulus testing of granular soils. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Dept. of Transportation.
de-Beer, M., E. Horak, and A. T. Visser. 1989. “The multidepth depth deflectometer (MDD) system for determining the effective elastic moduli of pavement layers.” In Proc., 1st Int. Symp. on Nondestructive Testing of Pavements and Backcalculation of Moduli, ASTM STP 1026, edited by A. J. Bush III and G. Y. Baladi, 70–89. Philadelphia: ASTM.
Disfani, M. M., A. Arulrajah, H. Haghighi, A. Mohammadinia, and S. Horpibulsuk. 2014. “Flexural beam fatigue strength evaluation of crushed brick as a supplementary material in cement-stabilized recycled concrete aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 68: 667–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.007.
Dos Santos, J., and A. Correia. 2001. “Reference threshold shear strain of soil. Its application to obtain an unique strain-dependent shear modulus curve for soil.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 267–270. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema Publishers.
Duncan, J. M., and C. Y. Chang. 1970. “Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain in soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 96 (5): 1629–1653.
Ebrahimi, A., B. R. Kootstra, T. B. Edil, and C. H. Benson. 2012. “Practical approach for designing flexible pavements using recycled roadway materials as base course.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 13 (4): 731–748. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2012.695234.
Edil, T. B., C. H. Benson, M. S. Bin-Shafique, B. F. Tanyu, W.-H. Kim, and A. Senol. 2002. “Field evaluation of construction alternatives for roadways over soft subgrade.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1786 (1): 36–48. https://doi.org/10.3141/1786-05.
Foley, G. 2001. Contract report-mechanistic design issues for stabilised pavement materials. Sydney, Australia: Australian Stabilization Expert Group, Austroads.
Gnanendran, C. T., and J. Piratheepan. 2010. “Determination of fatigue life of a granular base material lightly stabilized with slag lime from indirect diametral tensile testing.” J. Transp. Eng. 136 (8): 736–745. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000138.
Gnanendran, C. T., J. Piratheepan, J. Ramanujam, and A. Arulrajah. 2011. “Accelerated laboratory pavement model test on cemented base and clay subgrade.” Geotech. Test. J. 34 (4): 297–309. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ103311.
Hardin, B. O., and V. P. Drnevich. 1972. “Shear modulus and damping in soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 98 (7): 667–692.
Houston, W. N., M. S. Mamlouck, and R. W. S. Perera. 1992. “Laboratory versus nondestructive testing for pavement design.” J. Transp. Eng. 118 (2): 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1992)118:2(207).
Hoyos, L. R., A. J. Puppala, and C. A. Ordonez. 2011. “Characterization of cement fiber-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates: Preliminary investigation.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (7): 977–989. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000267.
Huang, H. Y. 1993. Pavement analysis and design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Huang, Y. H. 1969. “Finite element analysis of nonlinear soil media.” In Proc., Symp. on Application of Finite Element Methods in Civil Engineering, 663–690. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt Univ.
Janoo, V. C. 1994. Layer coefficients for NHDOT pavement materials. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
Jardine, R., M. Symes, and J. Burland. 1984. “The measurement of soil stiffness in the triaxial apparatus.” Géotechnique 34 (3): 323–340. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1984.34.3.323.
Kim, W., J. F. Labuz, and S. Dai. 2007. “Resilient modulus of base course containing recycled asphalt pavement.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2005 (1): 27–35. https://doi.org/10.3141/2005-04.
Kondner, R. L. 1963. A hyperbolic stress-strain formulation for sands. Evanston, IL: Northwestern Univ.
Kootstra, B., A. Ebrahimi, T. Edil, and C. Benson. 2010. “Plastic deformation of recycled base materials.” In Proc., GeoFlorida, 2682–2691. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Latifi, N., F. Vahedifard, E. Ghazanfari, and A. S. A. Rashid. 2018. “Sustainable usage of calcium carbide residue for stabilization of clays.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (6): 04018099. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002313.
Li, L., T. Edil, and C. Benson. 2009. Mechanical performance of pavement geomaterials stabilized with fly ash in field applications. Jackson, MI: Jackson State Univ.
Llenín, J. A., T. K. Pellinen, and D. M. Abraham. 2006. “Construction management of a small-scale accelerated pavement testing facility.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 20 (3): 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2006)20:3(229).
Martin, A. E., L. F. Walubita, F. Hugo, and N. U. Bangera. 2003. “Pavement response and rutting for full-scale and scaled APT.” J. Transp. Eng. 129 (4): 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:4(451).
Metcalf, J. B. 1996. Application of full-scale accelerated pavement testing. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Mohammadinia, A., A. Arulrajah, J. Sanjayan, M. Disfani, M. Bo, and S. Darmawan. 2015. “Laboratory evaluation of the use of cement-treated construction and demolition materials in pavement base and subbase applications.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (6): 04014186. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001148.
Muhammad, N., S. Siddiqua, and N. Latifi. 2018. “Solidification of subgrade materials using magnesium alkalinization: A sustainable additive for construction.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (10): 04018260. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002484.
NCHRP (National Cooperative Highway Research Program). 2004. Final report—Guide for mechanistic-empirical design of new and rehabilitated pavement design structures. Part 3: Design Analysis—Chapter 3: Design of new and reconstructed flexible pavements. Champaign, IL: ERES Division of ARA.
Papagiannakis, A. T., and E. A. Masad. 2007. Pavement design and material. New York: Wiley.
Perkins, S. W., M. Ismeik, and M. L. Fogelsong. 1998. “Mechanical response of a geosynthetic reinforced pavement system to cyclic loading.” In Vol. 3 of Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on the Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, 1503–1512. Trondheim, Norway.
Pestana, J. M., and L. A. Salvati. 2006. “Small-strain behavior of granular soils. I: Model for cemented and uncemented sands and gravels.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (8): 1071–1081. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:8(1071).
Piratheepan, J., and C. T. Gnanendran. 2013. “Back-calculation of resilient modulus of lightly stabilized granular base materials from cyclic load testing facility.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (8): 1068–1076. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000653.
Puppala, A. J., L. R. Hoyos, and A. K. Potturi. 2011. “Resilient moduli response of moderately cement-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (7): 990–998. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000268.
Rahman, M. A., M. A. Imteaz, A. Arulrajah, J. Piratheepan, and M. M. Disfani. 2015. “Recycled construction and demolition materials in permeable pavement systems: Geotechnical and hydraulic characteristics.” J. Cleaner Prod. 90: 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.042.
Reddy, M. A., K. S. Reddy, and B. B. Pandey. 2004. “Selection of genetic algorithm parameters for backcalculation of pavement moduli.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 5 (2): 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430412331309106.
Robertson, P. K., R. Campanella, D. Gillespie, and A. Rice. 1986. “Seismic CPT to measure in situ shear wave velocity.” J. Geotech. Eng. 112 (8): 791–803. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:8(791).
Santamarina, J. C., A. Klein, and M. A. Fam. 2001. “Soils and waves: Particulate materials behavior, characterization and process monitoring.” J. Soils Sediments 1 (2): 130. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987719.
Stokoe, K. H., and R. D. Woods. 1972. “In situ shear wave velocity by cross-hole method.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 98 (5): 443–460.
Wardle, L. J., and B. Rodway. 1998. “Layered elastic pavement design: Recent developments.” In Proc., Transport 1998, 19th Australian Road Research Board Conf. Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Woods, R. D. 1972. “Measurement of dynamic soil properties.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., ASCE Geotechnical Engineering Division Specialty Conf. Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. Pasadena, CA: Geotechnical Engineering Division of ASCE.
Yamashita, S., T. Kawaguchi, Y. Nakata, T. Mikami, T. Fujiwara, and S. Shibuya. 2009. “Interpretation of international parallel test on the measurement of Gmax using bender elements.” Soils Found. 49 (4): 631–650. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.49.631.
Yaowarat, T., S. Horpibulsuk, A. Arulrajah, M. Mirzababaei, and A. Rashid. 2018. “Compressive and flexural strength of polyvinyl alcohol-modified pavement concrete using recycled concrete aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (4): 04018046. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002233.
Zha, X., and Q. Xiao. 2003. “Homotopy method for backcalculation of pavement layer moduli.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE 2003). Berlin: German Society for Non-Destructive Testing.
Zhou, H., G. R. Rada, and G. E. Elkins. 1997. “Investigation of backcalculated moduli using deflections obtained at various locations in a pavement structure.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1570 (1): 96–107. https://doi.org/10.3141/1570-12.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 31 • Issue 5 • May 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 15, 2018
Accepted: Oct 12, 2018
Published online: Mar 4, 2019
Published in print: May 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Aug 4, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.