Influence of Temperature on the Mechanical Response of Asphalt Mixtures Using Microstructural Analysis and Finite-Element Simulations
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 12
Abstract
Asphalt pavements are commonly used for highways and airport runways. In pavement design and analysis, environmental factors such as temperature need to be taken into account to accurately predict the service life of asphalt pavements. The effect of temperature variations on the mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures was investigated at the microscale in this study. X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) scanning and digital image processing (DIP) techniques were applied to detect, analyze, and reconstruct the microstructure of asphalt specimens. Based on DIP, indicators related to air voids before and after fatigue testing were obtained and are discussed in this study. The results show that higher test temperatures resulted in larger air voids and promote crack initiation. Asphalt specimens measured at higher temperatures exhibited more prominent cracking characteristics because of decreased bonding capability between asphalt mastic and aggregates and because of decreased strength of the asphalt mastic. Finite-element simulations were conducted to simulate uniaxial compression tests. With increasing temperature, the proportion of larger compressive maximum principal stresses at the interface between the asphalt mortar and the aggregates decreased. Energy dissipation decreased with increasing temperature. The results reveal the significant influence of temperature on the fatigue damage and mechanical responses of asphalt; further investigations should be carried out to facilitate the improvement of the pavement design process.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The work underlying this project was carried out under research Grant No. FOR 2089/2 (OE514/1-2) on behalf of the grant sponsor, the German Research Foundation (DFG).
References
ABAQUS. 2014. ABAQUS analysis user’s guide (6.14). Waltham, MA: Dassault Systèmes.
Baek, J. 2010. “Modeling reflective cracking development in hot-mix asphalt overlays and quantification of control techniques.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
Ban, H., S. Im, Y. R. Kim, and J. S. Jung. 2018. “Laboratory tests and finite element simulations to model thermally induced reflective cracking of composite pavements.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 19 (3): 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1279491.
Bhattacharjee, S., and R. B. Mallick. 2012. “Effect of temperature on fatigue performance of hot mix asphalt tested under model mobile load simulator.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 13 (2): 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2011.653565.
Buttlar, W. G., and Z. You. 2001. “Discrete element modeling of asphalt concrete.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1757: 111–118. https://doi.org/10.3141/1757-13.
Chang, K. N. G., and J. N. Meegoda. 1997. “Micromechanical simulation of hot mix asphalt.” J. Eng. Mech. 123 (5): 495–503. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:5(495).
Chang, K. N. G., and J. N. Meegoda. 1999. “Micromechanical model for temperature effects of hot-mix asphalt concrete.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1687: 95–103. https://doi.org/10.3141/1687-11.
Chen, J. Q., M. Zhang, H. Wang, and L. Li. 2015. “Evaluation of thermal conductivity of asphalt mixture with heterogeneous microstructure.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 84: 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.03.070.
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung). 2014. Bituminous mixtures: Test method for hot mix asphalt. Part 44: Crack propagation by semi-circular bending test. DIN EN 12697-44. Berlin: Beuth Verlag GmbH.
FGSV (Forschungsgesellschaft fuer Strassen- und Verkehrswesen e.V.). 2009. Arbeitsanleitung zur Bestimmung des Steifigkeits-und Ermuedungsverhaltens von Asphalten mit dem Spaltzug-Schwellversuch als Eingangsgroesse in die Dimensionierung. Cologne, Germany: FGSV.
Hassan, N. A., G. D. Airey, and M. R. Hainin. 2014. “Characterisation of micro-structural damage in asphalt mixtures using image analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 54: 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.047.
Hu, J., P. Liu, D. Wang, and M. Oeser. 2016. “Investigation on fatigue damage of asphalt mixture with different air-voids using microstructural analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 125: 936–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.138.
Hu, J., P. Liu, D. Wang, and M. Oeser. 2017a. “Influence of aggregates’ spatial characteristics on air-voids in asphalt mixture.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 19 (4): 837–855. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1279072.
Hu, J., P. Liu, D. Wang, M. Oeser, and G. Canon Falla. 2017b. “Investigation on interface stripping damage at high temperature using microstructural analysis.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1316643.
Kim, H., and W. G. Buttlar. 2009. “Discrete fracture modeling of asphalt concrete.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 46 (13): 2593–2604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.02.006.
Liu, P., J. Hu, D. Wang, M. Oeser, S. Alber, W. Ressel, and G. Canon Falla. 2017a. “Modelling and evaluation of aggregate morphology on asphalt compression behaviour.” Constr. Build. Mater. 133: 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.041.
Liu, P., D. Wang, J. Hu, and M. Oeser. 2017b. “SAFEM: Software with graphical user interface for fast and accurate finite element analysis of asphalt pavements.” J. Test. Eval. 45 (4): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20150456.
Liu, P., D. Wang, F. Otto, J. Hu, and M. Oeser. 2018. “Application of semi-analytical finite element method to evaluate asphalt pavement bearing capacity.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 19 (6): 479–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1175562.
Liu, P., Q. Xing, D. Wang, and M. Oeser. 2017c. “Application of dynamic analysis in semi-analytical finite element method.” Materials 10 (9): 1010 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10091010.
Liu, Y., Z. You, L. Li, and W. Wang. 2013. “Review on advances in modeling and simulation of stone-based paving materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 43: 408–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.043.
Masad, E., N. Somadevan, H. Bahia, and S. Kose. 2001. “Modeling and experimental measurements of strain distribution in asphalt mixes.” J. Transp. Eng. 127 (6): 477–485. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2001)127:6(477).
Mizushima, A., and R. Lu. 2013. “An image segmentation method for apple sorting and grading using support vector machine and Otsu’s method.” Comput. Electron. Agric. 94: 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.02.009.
Mo, L. T. 2010. “Damage development in the adhesive zone and mortar of porous asphalt concrete.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Road and Railway Engineering, Delft Univ. of Technology.
Song, S. H. 2006. “Fracture of asphalt concrete: A cohesive zone modeling approach considering viscoelastic effects.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
Song, S. H., M. P. Wagoner, G. H. Paulino, and W. G. Buttlar. 2008. “δ25 crack opening displacement parameter in cohesive zone models: Experiments and simulations in asphalt concrete.” Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 31 (10): 850–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.2008.01272.x.
Souza, F. V., and L. S. Castro. 2012. “Effect of temperature on the mechanical response of thermo-viscoelastic asphalt pavements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 30: 574–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.048.
Wagoner, M. P., W. G. Buttlar, and G. H. Paulino. 2005. “Disk-shaped compact tension test for asphalt concrete fracture.” Exp. Mech. 45 (3): 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014485105053205.
Wang, H., and I. L. Al-Qadi. 2010. “Near-surface pavement failure under multiaxial stress state in thick asphalt pavement.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2154 (1): 91–99. https://doi.org/10.3141/2154-08.
Wang, H., J. Wang, and J. Q. Chen. 2014. “Micromechanical analysis of asphalt mixture fracture with adhesive and cohesive failure.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 132: 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.10.029.
Wang, L. 2003. “Stress concentration factor of poroelastic material by FEM simulation and X-ray tomography imaging.” In Proc., ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conf. Seattle: American Association of Civil Engineers.
Xu, X. Y., S. Z. Xu, L. H. Jin, and E. Song. 2011. “Characteristic analysis of Otsu threshold and its applications.” Pattern Recognit. Lett. 32 (7): 956–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2011.01.021.
Yang, X., Z. You, Z. Wang, and Q. Dai. 2016. “Review on heterogeneous model reconstruction of stone-based composites in numerical simulation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 117: 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.135.
Yin, A., X. Yang, C. Zhang, G. Zeng, and Z. Yang. 2015. “Three-dimensional heterogeneous fracture simulation of asphalt mixture under uniaxial tension with cohesive crack model.” Constr. Build. Mater. 76: 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.065.
You, T., R. K. A. Al-Rub, M. K. Darabi, E. A. Masad, and D. N. Little. 2012. “Three-dimensional microstructural modeling of asphalt concrete using a unified viscoelastic–viscoplastic–viscodamage model.” Constr. Build. Mater. 28 (1): 531–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.061.
You, Z., S. Adhikari, and Q. Dai. 2008. “Three-dimensional discrete element models for asphalt mixtures.” J. Eng. Mech. 134 (12): 1053–1063. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2008)134:12(1053).
You, Z., S. Adhikari, and M. E. Kutay. 2009. “Dynamic modulus simulation of the asphalt concrete using the X-ray computed tomography images.” Mater. Struct. 42 (5): 617–630. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9408-4.
Zhang, Y., R. Luo, and R. L. Lytton. 2012. “Characterizing permanent deformation and fracture of asphalt mixtures by using compressive dynamic modulus tests.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (7): 898–906. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000471.
Zhang, Y., R. Luo, and R. L. Lytton. 2013. “Mechanistic modeling of fracture in asphalt mixtures under compressive loading.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (9): 1189–1197. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000667.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 24, 2018
Accepted: Jun 14, 2018
Published online: Oct 3, 2018
Published in print: Dec 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Mar 3, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.