Probabilistic Lifetime Assessment of RC Pipe Piles Subjected to Chloride Environments
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 11
Abstract
This paper presents a probabilistic approach for evaluating the lifetime of reinforced concrete (RC) pipe piles subjected to chloride environments. A predictive model is developed for modeling the deterioration process of RC pipe piles in order to estimate the probabilistic lifetime of RC pipe piles subjected to chloride environments. The time-dependent probabilistic lifetime analysis of RC pipe piles is carried out in the framework of Monte Carlo simulation. An illustrative example of the proposed approach is demonstrated to estimate the probabilistic lifetime of RC pipe piles, and subsequently the sensitivity analysis of governing parameters is conducted to study the effect of the random variables on the probabilistic lifetime of RC pipe piles. The analysis results show that the lifetime depends highly on the governing parameters for corrosion initiation. The failure probability over the lifetime is more sensitive to variations of the governing parameters for corrosion initiation than to variations of the governing parameters for crack initiation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51609135 and 41772273), and the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety (Tianjin University) (Grant No. HESS-1702).
References
Alonso, C., C. Andrade, M. Castellote, and P. Castro. 2000. “Chloride threshold values to depassivate reinforcing bars embedded in a standardized OPC mortar.” Cem. Concr. Res. 30 (7): 1047–1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00265-9.
Alonso, C., M. Castellote, and C. Andrade. 2002. “Chloride threshold dependence of pitting potential of reinforcements.” Electrochem. Acta 47 (21): 3469–3481. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00283-9.
Angst, U., B. Elsener, C. K. Larsen, and Ø Vennesland. 2009. “Critical chloride content in reinforced concrete: A review.” Cem. Concr. Res. 39 (12): 1122–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.006.
Ann, K. Y., J. H. Ahn, and J. S. Ryou 2009. “The importance of chloride content at the concrete surface in assessing the time to corrosion of steel in concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (1): 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.12.014.
Ann, K. Y., and H. W. Song. 2007. “Chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete.” Corros. Sci. 49 (11): 4113–4133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2007.05.007.
Bertolini, L. 2008. “Steel corrosion and service life of reinforced concrete structures.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 4 (2): 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732470601155490.
Bhargava, K., A. K. Ghosh, Y. Mori, and S. Ramanujam. 2003. “Analytical model of corrosion-induced cracking of concrete considering the stiffness of reinforcement.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 16 (6): 749–769. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2003.16.6.749.
Boddy, A., E. Bentz, M. D. A. Thomas, and R. D. Hooton. 1999. “An overview and sensitivity study of a multimechanistic chloride transport model.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (6): 827–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00045-9.
Boulfiza, M., K. Sakai, N. Banthia, and H. Yoshida. 2003. “Prediction of chloride ions ingress in uncracked and cracked concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 100 (1): 38–48.
CEB-FIP (International Federation for Structural Concrete). 2006. Model code for service life design. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Federation for Structural Concrete.
Chai, W. G., W. L. Li, and H. J. Ba. 2011. “Experimental study on predicting service life of concrete in the marine environment.” Open Eng. J. 5 (1): 93–99.
Cheung, M. S., and B. R. Kyle. 1996. “Service life prediction of concrete structures by reliability analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 10 (1): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00055-0.
El Hassan, J., P. Bressolette, A. Chateauneuf, and K. El Tawil. 2010. “Reliability-based assessment of the effect of climatic conditions on the corrosion of RC structures subject to chloride ingress.” Eng. Struct. 32 (10): 3279–3287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.07.001.
El Maaddawy, T., and K. Soudki. 2007. “A model for prediction of time from corrosion initiation to corrosion cracking.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 29 (3): 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.11.004.
Hussain, S. E., A. S. Al-Gahtani, and Rasheeduzzafar. 1996. “Chloride threshold for corrosion of reinforcement in concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 94 (6): 534–538.
Hussain, S. E., Rasheeduzzafar, A. Al-Musallam, and A. S. Al-Gahtani. 1995. “Factors affecting threshold chloride for reinforcement corrosion in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 25 (7): 1543–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00148-6.
Kayyali, O. A., and M. N. Haque. 1995. “The ratio in chloride contaminated concrete—a most important criterion.” Mag. Concr. Res. 47 (172): 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1995.47.172.235.
Khatir, R. P., and V. Sirivivatnanon. 2004. “Characteristic service life for concrete exposed to marine environments.” Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (5): 745–752.
Kirkpatrick, T. J., R. E. Weyers, C. M. Anderson-Cook, and M. M. Sprinkel. 2002. “Probabilistic model for the chloride-induced corrosion service life of bridge decks.” Cem. Concr. Res. 32 (12): 1943–1960. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00905-5.
Kwon, S. J., U. J. Na, S. S. Park, and S. H. Jung. 2009. “Service life prediction of concrete wharves with early-aged crack: Probabilistic approach for chloride diffusion.” Struct. Saf. 31 (1): 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.03.004.
Liang, F. Y., H. Zhang, and J. L. Wang. 2015. “Variational solution for the effect of vertical load on the lateral response of offshore piles.” Ocean Eng. 99: 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.03.004.
Liang, M. T., K. L. Wang, and C. H. Liang. 1999. “Service life prediction of reinforced concrete structures.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (9): 1411–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00109-X.
Lin, G., Y. H. Liu, and Z. H. Xiang. 2010. “Numerical modeling for predicting service life of reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride environments.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 32 (8): 571–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.07.012.
Liu, T., and R. W. Weyers. 1998. “Modeling the dynamic corrosion process in chloride contaminated concrete structures.” Cem. Concr. Res. 28 (3): 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00259-2.
Liu, Y. 1996. “Modeling the time-to-corrosion cracking of the cover concrete in chloride contaminated reinforced concrete structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Charles E. Via Dept. of Civil Engineering, Virginia Tech.
Lu, Z. H., Y. G. Zhao, Z. W. Yu, and F. X. Ding. 2011. “Probabilistic evaluation of initiation time in RC bridge beams with load-induced cracks exposed to de-icing salts.” Cem. Concr. Res. 41 (3): 365–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.003.
Marchand, J., and E. Samson. 2009. “Predicting the service-life of concrete structures—Limitations of simplified models.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 31 (8): 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.01.007.
Martín-Pérez, B., S. J. Pantazopoulou, and M. D. A. Thomas. 2001. “Numerical solution of mass transport equations in concrete structures.” Comput. Struct. 79 (13): 1251–1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(01)00018-9.
Maruya, T., K. Hsu, H. Takeda, and S. Tangtermsirikul. 2003. “Numerical modeling of steel corrosion in concrete structures due to chloride ion, oxygen and water movement.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 1 (2): 147–160. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.1.147.
McGee, R. 1999. “Modelling of durability performance of Tasmanian bridge.” In Applications of statistics and probability: Civil engineering, reliability and risk analysis, edited by R. E. Melchers and M. G. Stewart, 297–306. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Mohammed, T. U., and H. Hamada. 2003. “Relationship between free chloride and total chloride contents in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (9): 1487–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00065-6.
Mohammed, T. U., and H. Hamada. 2006. “Corrosion of steel bars in concrete with various steel surface conditions.” ACI Mater. J. 103 (4): 233–242.
Oh, B. H., S. Y. Jang, and Y. S. Shin. 2003. “Experimental investigation of the threshold chloride concentration for corrosion initiation in reinforced concrete structures.” Mag. Concr. Res. 55 (2): 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2003.55.2.117.
Ozbolt, J., G. Balabanic, and M. Kuster. 2011. “3D Numerical modelling of steel corrosion in concrete structures.” Corros. Sci. 53 (12): 4166–4177.
Papakonstantinou, K. G., and M. Shinozuka. 2013. “Probabilistic model for steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures of large dimensions considering crack effects.” Eng. Struct. 57: 306–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.06.038.
Raupach, M. 2006. “Models for the propagation phase of reinforcement corrosion—An overview.” Mater. Corros. 57 (8): 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200603991.
Saetta, A. V., R. Scotta, and R. V. Vitdiani. 1993. “Analysis of chloride diffusion into partially saturated concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 90 (5): 441–451.
Safehian, M., and A. A. Ramezanianpour. 2013. “Assessment of service life models for determination of chloride penetration into silica fume concrete in the severe marine environmental condition.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48: 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.006.
Shao, W., J. P Li, and Y. Liu. 2016. “Influence of exposure temperature on chloride diffusion into RC pipe piles exposed to atmospheric corrosion.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (5): 04016002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001489.
Shao, W., D. D Shi, J. P Jiang, and Y. L. Chen. 2017. “Time-dependent lateral bearing behaviour of corrosion-damaged RC pipe piles in marine environments.” Constr. Build. Mater. 157: 676–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.134.
Song, H. W., H. J. Kim, V. Saraswathy, and T. H. Kim. 2007. “A micro-mechanics based corrosion model for predicting the service life of reinforced concrete structures.” Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2: 341–354.
Song, H. W., H. B. Shim, A. Petcherdchoo, and S. K. Park. 2009. “Service life prediction of repaired concrete structures under chloride environment using finite difference method.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 31 (2): 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.11.002.
Stewart, M. G., and D. V. Rosowsky. 1998. “Structural safety and serviceability of concrete bridges subject to corrosion.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 4 (4): 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(1998)4:4(146).
Val, D. V., and P. A. Trapper. 2008. “Probabilistic evaluation of initiation time of chloride-induced corrosion.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 93 (3): 364–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2006.12.010.
Vu, K. A. T., and M. G. Stewart. 2000. “Structural reliability of concrete bridges including improved chloride-induced corrosion models.” Struct. Saf. 22 (4): 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4730(00)00018-7.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30 • Issue 11 • November 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 22, 2017
Accepted: May 23, 2018
Published online: Aug 28, 2018
Published in print: Nov 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jan 28, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.