Development of Eco-Friendly Fired Clay Bricks Incorporating Recycled Marble Powder
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 5
Abstract
This study explores the development of eco-friendly burnt clay bricks incorporating recycled waste marble powder (WMP). Waste marble powder was collected from the local marble industry and used to manufacture brick specimens at a local brick manufacturing facility with dosages ranging from 5 to 25% by clay weight. The mechanical and durability performance of bricks incorporating WMP were investigated. The WMP produced lighter weight bricks with reduced linear shrinkage. It also decreased the compressive strength of bricks because of enhanced porosity, as shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. However, bricks incorporating up to 10% of WMP achieved compressive strength values within the specified limits of the local building code. All tested bricks satisfied the minimum standard flexural strength requirements. Using 5% WMP in fired clay bricks yielded similar efflorescence and resistance to sulfate attack compared with control bricks without WMP. Leaching tests on brick specimens indicated that leached species from WMP-modified bricks were well below regulatory thresholds. Full-scale implementation of WMP in burnt clay brick manufacturing could mitigate the landfilling of this by-product and lead to the development of eco-friendly, nonhazardous and economical masonry construction.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abdul Kadir, A., and Mohajerani, A. (2015). “Effect of heating rate on gas emissions and properties of fired clay bricks and fired clay bricks incorporated with cigarette butts.” Appl. Clay Sci., 104(Feb), 269–276.
Aouba, L., Bories, C., Coutand, M., Perrin, B., and Lemercier, H. (2016). “Properties of fired clay bricks with incorporated biomasses: Cases of olive stone flour and wheat straw residues.” Constr. Build. Mater., 102(Part 1), 7–13.
ASTM. (1963). “Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils.” ASTM D422, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (1997). “Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete.” ASTM C597, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2000). “Standard test methods for apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density of burned refractory brick and shapes by boiling water.” ASTM C20, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003a). “Standard test method for length change of hydraulic cement mortars exposed to a sulfate solution.” ASTM C1012, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003b). “Standard test methods for sampling and testing brick and structural clay tile.” ASTM C67, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2009). “Standard test method for drying and firing shrinkages of ceramic whiteware clays.” ASTM C326, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013). “Standard specification for building brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale).” ASTM C62, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2017). “Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils.” ASTM D4318, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bhavsar, S. N., Joshi, H. B., Shrof, P. K., and Patel, A. J. (2014). “Impact of marble powder on engineering properties of black cotton soil.” Int. J. Sci. Res. Dev., 2(2), 136–139.
Bilgin, N., Yeprem, H. A., Arslan, S., Bilgin, A., Günay, E., and Marşoglu, M. (2012). “Use of waste marble powder in brick industry.” Constr. Build. Mater., 29(Apr), 449–457.
Bogas, J. A., Gomes, M. G., and Gomes, A. (2013). “Compressive strength evaluation of structural lightweight concrete by non-destructive ultrasonic pulse velocity method.” Ultrasonics, 53(5), 962–972.
Chiang, K.-Y., Chien, K.-L., and Hwang, S.-J. (2008). “Study on the characteristics of building bricks produced from reservoir sediment.” J. Hazard. Mater., 159(2–3), 499–504.
Christy, C., and Tensing, D. (2011). “Greener building material with fly ash.” Asian J. Civ. Eng. Build. Hous., 12(1), 87–105.
Davison, J. I. (1980). “Linear expansion due to freezing and other properties of bricks.” Proc., 2nd Canadian Masonry Symp., Carleton Univ., Ottawa.
El-Gammal, M. I., Ibrahim, M. S., Badr, E.-S. A., Asker, S. A., and El-Galad, N. M. (2011). “Health risk assessment of marble dust at marble workshops.” Nat. Sci., 9(11), 144–154.
Eliche-Quesada, D., Corpas-Iglesias, F. A., Pérez-Villarejo, L., and Iglesias-Godino, F. J. (2012). “Recycling of sawdust, spent earth from oil filtration, compost and marble residues for brick manufacturing.” Constr. Build. Mater., 34(Sep), 275–284.
Eliche-Quesada, D., and Leite-Costa, J. (2016). “Use of bottom ash from olive pomace combustion in the production of eco-friendly fired clay bricks.” Waste Manage., 48(Feb), 323–333.
Emrullahoglu Abi, C. B. (2014). “Effect of borogypsum on brick properties.” Constr. Build. Mater., 59(May), 195–203.
Görhan, G., and Şimşek, O. (2013). “Porous clay bricks manufactured with rice husks.” Constr. Build. Mater., 40(Mar), 390–396.
Hameed, M. S., and Sekar, A. S. S. (2009). “Properties of green concrete containing quarry rock dust and marble sludge powder as fine aggregate.” ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 4(4), 83–89.
Hamza, R., El-Haggar, S., and Khedr, S. (2011). “Utilization of marble and granite waste in concrete bricks.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Environment and BioScience, IACSIT, Singapore, 115–119.
Henry, L., Shankha, B., William, B. J., and Melissa, S. (2007). “Test of mercury vapour emission from fly ash bricks.” Proc., World of Coal Ash, Univ. of Kentucky, Covington, KY.
Hnizdo, E., and Vallyathan, V. (2003). “Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to occupational exposure to silica dust: A review of epidemiological and pathological evidence.” Occup. Environ. Med., 60(4), 237–243.
Kazmi, S. M. S., Abbas, S., Munir, M. J., and Khitab, A. (2016a). “Exploratory study on the effect of waste rice husk and sugarcane bagasse ashes in burnt clay bricks.” J. Build. Eng., 7(Sep), 372–378.
Kazmi, S. M. S., Abbas, S., Nehdi, M. L., Saleem, M. A., and Munir, M. J. (2017). “Feasibility of using waste glass sludge in production of eco-friendly clay bricks.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04017056.
Kazmi, S. M. S., Munir, M. J., Abbas, S., Saleem, M. A., Khitab, A., and Rizwan, M. (2016b). “Development of lighter and eco-friendly burnt clay bricks incorporating sugarcane Bagasse ash.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Advanced Materials and Emerging Technologies (ICAMET 2016), Univ. of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
Kazmi, S. M. S., Abbas, S., Saleem, M. A., Munir, M. J., and Khitab, A. (2016c). “Manufacturing of sustainable clay bricks: Utilization of waste sugarcane Bagasse and rice husk ashes.” Constr. Build. Mater., 120(Sep), 29–41.
Khan, J., Amin, Z., Khan, B. T., Faiz, U.-R., Ahmad, Z., and Shams, W. A. (2015). “Burden of marble factories and health risk assessment of kidney (renal) stones development in district Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.” Expert Opin. Environ. Biol., 4(2), 1–4.
Koroth, S. R., Fazio, P., and Feldman, D. (1998). “Evaluation of clay brick durability using ultrasonic pulse velocity.” J. Archit. Eng., 142–147.
Madurwar, M. V., Mandavgane, S. A., and Ralegaonkar, R. V. (2015). “Development and feasibility analysis of bagasse ash bricks.” J. Energy Eng., 04014022.
Mekki, H., Anderson, M., Benzina, M., and Ammar, E. (2008). “Valorization of olive mill wastewater by its incorporation in building bricks.” J. Hazard. Mater., 158(2–3), 308–315.
Naik, N., Bahadure, B., and Jejurkar, C. (2014). “Strength and durability of fly ash, cement and gypsum bricks.” Int. J. Comput. Eng. Res., 4(5), 1–4.
National Engineering Services of Pakistan. (2007). “Building code of Pakistan—Seismic hazard evaluation studies.” Ministry of Housing and Works, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Netinger, I., Vračević, M., Ranogajec, J., and Vučetić, S. (2014). “Evaluation of brick resistance to freeze/thaw cycles according to indirect procedures.” Gradevinar, 66(3), 197–209.
Ortega, R., Maire, R., Devès, G., and Quinif, Y. (2005). “High-resolution mapping of uranium and other trace elements in recrystallized aragonite-calcite speleothems from caves in the Pyrenees (France): Implication for U-series dating.” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 237(3), 911–923.
Saboya, F., Jr., Xavier, G. C., and Alexandre, J. (2007). “The use of the powder marble by-product to enhance the properties of brick ceramic.” Constr. Build. Mater., 21(10), 1950–1960.
Samara, M., Lafhaj, Z., and Chapiseau, C. (2009). “Valorization of stabilized river sediments in fired clay bricks: Factory scale experiment.” J. Hazard. Mater., 163(2–3), 701–710.
Segadães, A. M., Carvalho, M. A., and Acchar, W. (2005). “Using marble and granite rejects to enhance the processing of clay products.” Appl. Clay Sci., 30(1), 42–52.
Sengupta, P., Saikia, N., and Borthakur, P. C. (2002). “Bricks from petroleum effluent treatment plant sludge: Properties and environmental characteristics.” J. Environ. Eng., 1090–1094.
Shukla, S. K., Kumar, V., Mudgal, M., Morchhale, R. K., and Bansal, M. C. (2010). “Utilization of concentrate of membrane filtration of bleach plant effluent in brick production.” J. Hazard. Mater., 184(1–3), 585–590.
Sikder, A. H. F., Begum, K., Parveen, Z., and Hossain, M. F. (2016). “Assessment of macro and micro nutrients around brick kilns agricultural environment.” Inf. Process. Agric., 3(1), 61–68.
Sunil, K., and Deodhar, S. V. (2003). “Effect of fly ash and temperature on properties of burnt clay bricks.” J. Civ. Eng., 84, 82–85.
Sutcu, M., and Akkurt, S. (2009). “The use of recycled paper processing residues in making porous brick with reduced thermal conductivity.” Ceram. Int., 35(7), 2625–2631.
Sutcu, M., Alptekin, H., Erdogmus, E., Er, Y., and Gencel, O. (2015). “Characteristics of fired clay bricks with waste marble powder addition as building materials.” Constr. Build. Mater., 82(May), 1–8.
Ukwatta, A., Mohajerani, A., Eshtiaghi, N., and Setunge, S. (2016). “Variation in physical and mechanical properties of fired-clay bricks incorporating ETP biosolids.” J. Cleaner Prod., 119(Apr), 76–85.
U.S. Composting Council. (1997). Test methods for the examination of composting and compost (interim draft), Bethesda, MD.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1992). “US environmental protection agency method 1311 (reviewed).” Washington, DC.
Yavuz, Ç. M., and Sabah, E. (2008). “Geological and technical characterisation of Iscehisar (Afyon-Turkey) marble deposits and the impact of marble waste on environmental pollution.” J. Environ. Manage., 87(1), 106–116.
Zhang, L. (2013). “Production of bricks from waste materials—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater., 47(Oct), 643–655.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30 • Issue 5 • May 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 12, 2017
Accepted: Oct 30, 2017
Published online: Feb 22, 2018
Published in print: May 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jul 22, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.