Dual Self-Healing Mechanisms with Microcapsules and Shape Memory Alloys in Reinforced Concrete
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 2
Abstract
This paper presents an evaluation of dual self-healing mechanisms in concrete, with a focus on the application of microcapsules and shape memory alloy (SMA). To achieve this objective, the study evaluated the self-healing effectiveness of calcium nitrate microcapsules in concrete beams reinforced with steel and SMA. The undamaged stiffness, damaged stiffness, peak strengths, and deformations were measured and compared with postcuring time values. Further, crack monitoring coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis was used to evaluate crack healing over time and to characterize the healing components in the cracked areas. Experimental results suggest that microcapsules caused a direct effect on decreasing the flexural strength of concrete beams, attributing the results to the presence of high air content when the microcapsules are used. Although microcapsules tended to lower the flexural strength of the beams, the stiffness recovery values were higher for those specimens prepared with microcapsules. An image analysis conducted after the water curing period revealed that specimens with microcapsules showed the best crack healing efficiency, regardless of the use of steel or SMA. In the use of heat activation, not only was crack healing efficiency observed with SMA, but also a noticeable difference was found in SMA samples, with or without microcapsules.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was made possible by NPRP Grant No. 6-280-2-117 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the author(s). The authors would also like to acknowledge the laboratory support from the Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC).
References
Arce, G. A., Hassan, M. M., Louay, N. M., and Rupnow, T. (2016). “Characterization of self-healing processes induced by calcium nitrate microcapsules in cement mortar.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04016189.
ASTM. (2016). “Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with center-point loading).” ASTM C293/C293M-16, West Conshohocken, PA.
Czaderski, C., Hahnebach, B., and Motavalli, M. (2006). “RC beam with variable stiffness and strength.” Constr. Build. Mater., 20(9), 824–833.
Hager, M. D., Greil, P., Leyens, C., van der Zwaag, S., and Schubert, U. S. (2010). “Self-healing materials.” Adv. Mater., 22(47), 5424–5430.
Hassan, M. M., Milla, J., Rupnow, T., Al-Ansari, M., and Daly, W. H. (2016). “Microencapsulation of calcium nitrate for concrete applications.” Transport. Res. Rec., 2577, 8–16.
Huang, H., Ye, G., Leung, C., and Wan, K. (2011). “Application of sodium silicate solution as self-healing agent in cementitious materials.” Proc., Int. RILEM Conf. on Advances in Construction Materials through Science and Engineering, RILEM Publications SARL, Bagneux, France, 530–536.
Isaacs, B., Joseph, C., Jefferson, A. D., Lark, R. J., and Dunn, S. (2009). “Enhancement of self-healing in cementitious materials, post-tensioned with shrinkable polymers.” White, S. and Bond, I., eds., 2nd Int. Conf. on Self-Healing Materials, River North, Chicago, 102.
Isaacs, B., Lark, R. J., Jefferson, A. D., Gardner, D. R., and Dunn, S. (2011). “Enhancement of self-healing in cementitious materials.” Bond, I. and Varley, R., eds., 3rd Int. Conf. on Self-Healing Materials, Bath, U.K., 119–120.
Jefferson, A., Joseph, C., Lark, R., Isaacs, B., Dunn, S., and Weager, B. (2010). “A new system for crack closure of cementitious materials using shrinkable polymers.” Cem. Concr. Res., 40(5), 795–801.
Joseph, C., Jefferson, A. D., Isaacs, B., Lark, R. J., and Gardner, D. R. (2010). “Experimental investigation of adhesive-based self-healing of cementitious materials.” Mag. Concr. Res., 62(11), 831–843.
Justnes, H., and Nygaard, E. C. (1995). “Technical calcium nitrate as set accelerator for cement at low temperatures.” Cem Concr. Res., 25(8), 1766–1774.
Kuang, Y.-C., and Ou, J.-P. (2008). “Passive smart self-repairing concrete beams by using shape memory alloy wires and fibers containing adhesives.” J. Central South Univ. Technol., 15(3), 411–417.
Lark, R. J., Jefferson, A. D., Joseph, C., Dunn, S., and Isaacs, B. (2009). “Active confinement of cementatious composites with shape memory plastics.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Self-Healing Materials, River North, Chicago.
Li, V. C., and Herbert, E. (2012). “Robust self-healing concrete for sustainable infrastructure.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol., 10(6), 207–218.
Mark, Y., and Neil, G. T. (2003). “Corrosion of highway bridges: Economic impact and control methodologies.” Conc. Int., 25(1), 52–57.
Mihashi, H., Kaneko, Y., Nishiwaki, T., and Otsuka, K. (2001). “Fundamental study on development of intelligent concrete characterized by self-healing capability for strength.” Trans. Japan Concr. Inst., 22, 441–450.
Milla, J., Hassan, M. M., Rupnow, T., Al-Ansari, M., and Arce, G. (2016). “Effect of self-healing calcium nitrate microcapsules on concrete properties.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2577, 69–77.
Pelletier, M., Brown, R., Shukla, A., and Bose, A. (2011). “Self-healing concrete with a microencapsulated healing agent.” Cem. Concr. Res., in press.
Saiidi, M. S., Sadrossadat-Zadeh, M., Ayoub, C., and Itani, A. (2007). “Pilot study of behavior of concrete beams reinforced with shape memory alloys.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 454–461.
Sakai, Y., Kitagawa, Y., Fukuta, T., and Iiba, M. (2003). “Experimental study on enhancement of self-restoration of concrete beams using SMA wire.” Proc. SPIE, Vol. 5057, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Bellingham, WA, 178–186.
Sun, L., Liang, D., Gao, Q., and Zhou, J. (2013). “Analysis on factors affecting the self-repair capability of SMA wire concrete beam.” Math. Prob. Eng., 138162, 1–6.
Ter Heide, N. (2005). Crack healing in hydrating concrete, Delft Univ. of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
Van Oss, H. G. (2005). “Background facts and issues concerning cement and cement data.”, U.S. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
Winter, N. B. (2012). Scanning electron microscopy of cement and concrete, WHD Microanalysis, Woodbridge, CT.
Xing, F., et al. (2008). “Self-healing mechanism of a novel cementitious composite using microcapsules.” Proc., Icdcs, Vol. 1–2, Hangzhou, China, 195–204.
Yachuan, K., and Jinping, O. (2008). “Self-repairing performance of concrete beams strengthened using superelastic SMA wires in combination with adhesives released from hollow fibers.” Smart Mater. Struct., 17(2), 025020.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30 • Issue 2 • February 2018
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 16, 2016
Accepted: Jul 12, 2017
Published online: Nov 29, 2017
Published in print: Feb 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Apr 29, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.