Rheological Investigations on Warm Mix Asphalt Binders at High and Intermediate Temperature Ranges
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 4
Abstract
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology is used to reduce mixing and compaction temperature of the binder; however, such addition is also expected to influence the rheological response of the binder during pavement service. This investigation is focused on WMA binders produced using Evotherm (Evotherm-VG30) and Sasobit (Sasobit-VG30) with a base binder (VG30). Shear rate sweep tests and steady shear tests conducted in the temperature range of 100–155°C indicate that the addition of Evotherm and Sasobit consistently reduce the viscosity of binder. This change in viscosity is found to be temperature and aging dependent. Short-term aged Evotherm-VG30 and Sasobit-VG30 binders exhibited increased shear thinning in the compaction temperature regime. Oscillatory shear tests and repeated creep and recovery tests were conducted in the temperature range of 15–75°C. The relationship between dynamic modulus and phase angle of WMA and VG30 binders followed Kramers-Kronig relations. Addition of Sasobit and Evotherm did not change the temperature regime associated with viscoelastic solid-fluid transition. From the creep and recovery test, addition of Evotherm and Sasobit resulted in increased strain during creep at higher temperatures. The influence of additives, especially Sasobit, on the base binder was found to be strongly temperature dependent.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (2010a). “Multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR).” AASHTO TP 70-10, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2010b). “Viscosity determination of asphalt binder using rotational viscometer.” AASHTO T316-10, Washington, DC.
Akisetty, C. K., Lee, S. J., and Amirkhanian, S. N. (2009). “Effects of compaction temperature on volumetric properties of rubberized mixes containing warm-mix additives.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 409–415.
ASTM. (2004). “Standard test method for effect of heat and air on a moving film of asphalt (rolling thin-film oven test).” ASTM D2872, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2008). “Standard test method for determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer.” ASTM D7175, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013). “Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer.” ASTM D4402, West Conshohocken, PA.
Banerjee, A., de Fortier Smit, A., and Prozzia, J. A. (2012). “The effect of long-term aging on the rheology of warm mix asphalt binders.” Fuel, 97, 603–611.
Bennert, T., Reinke, G., Mogawer, W., and Mooney, K. (2010). “Assessment of workability and compactability of warm-mix asphalt.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2180, 36–47.
Bird, R. B., Armstrong, R. C., Hassager, O., and Curtiss, C. F. (1977). Dynamics of polymeric liquids, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York.
Biro, S., Gandhi, T., and Amirkhanian, S. (2009). “Midrange temperature rheological properties of warm asphalt binders.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 316–323.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (2013). “Indian standard for paving bitumen-specification (fourth revision).” IS:73, New Delhi, India.
Booij, H., and Thoone, G. (1982). “Generalization of Kramers-Kronig transforms and some approximations of relations between viscoelastic quantities.” Rheologica Acta, 21(1), 15–24.
Bower, N. (2011). “Laboratory evaluation of performance of warm mix asphalt in Washington State.” Ph.D. thesis, Washington State Univ., Washington, DC.
D’Angelo, J., et al. (2008). “Warm–mix asphalt: European practice.”, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Edwards, Y., Tasdemir, Y., and Isacsson, U. (2005). “Influence of commercial waxes on bitumen aging properties.” Energy Fuels, 19(6), 2519–2525.
Hanz, A. J. (2012). “Quantifying the impacts of warm mix asphalt on constructability and performance.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
Hurley, G. C., and Prowell, B. D. (2005). “Evaluation of Sasobit for use in warm mix asphalt.”, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL.
Hurley, G. C., and Prowell, B. D. (2006a). “Evaluation of evotherm for use in warm mix asphalt.”, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL.
Hurley, G. C., and Prowell, B. D. (2006b). “Evaluation of potential processes for use in warm mix asphalt.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 75, 41–90.
Jamshidi, A., Hamzah, M. O., and Aman, M. Y. (2012). “Effects of Sasobit® content on the rheological characteristics of unaged and aged asphalt binders at high and intermediate temperatures.” Mater. Res., 15(4), 628–638.
Jamshidi, A., Hamzah, M. O., and You, Z. (2013). “Performance of warm mix asphalt containing Sasobit®: State-of-the-art.” Constr. Build. Mater., 38, 530–553.
Kvasnak, A., Moore, J., Taylor, A., and Prowell, B. (2010). “Preliminary evaluation of warm mix asphalt field demonstration: Franklin, Tennessee.”, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL.
MATLAB [Computer software]. MathWorks, Natick, MA.
Merusi, F., and Giuliani, F. (2011). “Rheological characterization of wax-modified asphalt binders at high service temperatures.” Mater. Struct., 44(10), 1809–1820.
Mo, L., Li, X., Fang, X., Huurman, M., and Wu, S. (2012). “Laboratory investigation of compaction characteristics and performance of warm mix asphalt containing chemical additives.” Constr. Build. Mater., 37, 239–247.
Narayan, S. P. A., Krishnan, J. M., Little, D. N., and Rajagopal, K. R. (2017). “Mechanical behaviour of asphalt binders at high temperatures and specification for rutting.” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 18(10), 916–927.
Padmarekha, A., and Krishnan, J. M. (2011). “Experimental investigations on high temperature transition of asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(11), 4221–4231.
Padmarekha, A., and Krishnan, J. M. (2012). “Viscoelastic transition of unaged and aged asphalt.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 1852–1863.
Porras, J. D., Hajj, E. Y., Sebaaly, P. E., Kass, S., and Liske, T. (2012). “Performance evaluation of field-produced warm-mix asphalt mixtures in Manitoba, Canada.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2294, 64–73.
RHEA version 1 [Computer software]. Abatech Consulting Engineers, Blooming Glen, PA.
Simone, A., Pettinari, M., Petretto, F., and Madella, A. (2012). “The influence of the binder viscosity on the laboratory short term aging.” Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci., 53, 421–431.
Toraldo, E. C., Brovelli, C., and Mariani, E. (2013). “Laboratory investigation into the effects of working temperatures on wax-based warm mix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater., 44, 774–780.
Wasiuddin, N., Selvamohan, S., Zaman, M., and Guegan, M. (2007). “Comparative laboratory study of Sasobit and Aspha-Min additives in warm-mix asphalt.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1998, 82–88.
Wekumbura, C., Stastna, J., and Zanzotto, L. (2005). “Stress growth coefficient in polymer modified asphalt.” Mater. Struct., 38(8), 755–760.
West, R. C., Watson, D. E., Turner, P. A., and Casola, J. R. (2010). “Mixing and compaction temperatures of asphalt binders in hot-mix asphalt.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Wineman, A. S., and Rajagopal, K. R. (2000). Mechanical response of polymers: An introduction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Yin, F., Cucalon, L. G., Martin, A. E., Arambula, E., and Park, E. S. (2015). “Performance evolution of hot-mix and warm-mix asphalt with field and laboratory aging.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 83, 109–141.
You, Z., and Goh, S. W. (2008). “Laboratory evaluation of warm mix asphalt: A preliminary study.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., 1(1), 34–40.
Zelelew, H., Paugh, C., Corrigan, M., Belagutti, S., and Ramakrishnareddy, J. (2013). “Laboratory evaluation of the mechanical properties of plant-produced warm-mix asphalt mixtures.” Road Mater. Pavement Des., 14(1), 49–70.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30 • Issue 4 • April 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 16, 2016
Accepted: Apr 4, 2017
Published online: Jan 26, 2018
Published in print: Apr 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jun 26, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.