Feasibility of Using Waste Glass Sludge in Production of Ecofriendly Clay Bricks
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 8
Abstract
Burnt clay bricks are commonly used in construction across the globe. The objective of this study is to explore the potential of using waste glass sludge (WGS) as a secondary material in clay brick manufacturing. WGS was collected during industrial-scale cutting and polishing of glass. Brick specimens were manufactured using various dosages (i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% by clay weight) of WGS at an industrial brick kiln plant. A range of mechanical and durability tests were performed on the bricks thus produced to quantify their performance. Clay bricks incorporating WGS exhibited higher compressive and flexural strength as compared with that of control traditional clay bricks. The unit weight of bricks was reduced owing to WGS addition, which can lead to lighter and economical structures. Furthermore, the resistance against efflorescence, sulfate attack, and freeze-thaw was enhanced for all the clay bricks incorporating WGS. Scanning electron microscopy indicated a well-bonded and fused structure of brick specimens incorporating WGS. The findings demonstrate that WGS can enhance the physical and mechanical properties of clay bricks, leading toward more economical and sustainable construction.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abi, E. C. B. (2014). “Effect of borogypsum on brick properties.” Constr. Build. Mater., 59, 195–203.
Aouba, L., Bories, C., Coutand, M., Perrin, B., and Lemercier, H. (2016). “Properties of fired clay bricks with incorporated biomasses: Cases of olive stone flour and wheat straw residues.” Constr. Build. Mater., 102, 7–13.
Arsenovic, M., Pezo, L., Manci, L., and Radojevic, Z. (2014). “Thermal and mineralogical characterization of loess heavy clays for potential use in brick industry.” Thermochim. Acta, 580, 38–45.
Assis, S. R. H., Lira, B. B., and Rego, S. A. B. C. (2014). “Development and characterization of ceramics using glass reaproveitamemto recycled as an alternative to waste.” Proc., 21st Brazilian Congress of Engineering and Materials Science, Metallum Technical and Scientific Congresses, São Paulo, Brazil (in Portuguese).
ASTM. (1963). “Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils.” ASTM D422, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (1997). “Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete.” ASTM C597, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2000). “Standard test methods for apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density of burned refractory brick and shapes by boiling water.” ASTM C20, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003a). “Standard test method for length change of hydraulic-cement mortars exposed to a sulfate solution.” ASTM C1012, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003b). “Standard test methods for sampling and testing brick and structural clay tile.” ASTM C67, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2006). “Standard test method for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer.” ASTM D854, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2009). “Standard test method for drying and firing shrinkages of ceramic whiteware clays.” ASTM C326, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013). “Standard specification for building brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale).” ASTM C62, West Conshohocken, PA.
Aubert, J. E., Fabbri, A., Morel, J. C., and Maillard, P. (2013). “An earth block with compressive strength higher than 45 MPa.” Constr. Build. Mater., 47, 366–369.
Banu, T., Muktadir, B., Fahmida, G., and Kurny, A. (2013). “Experimental studies on fly ash-sand-lime bricks with gypsum addition.” Am. J. Mater. Eng. Technol., 1(3), 35–40.
Bilgin, N., Yeprem, H. A., Arslan, S., Bilgin, A., Gunay, E., and Marsoglu, M. (2012). “Use of waste marble powder in brick industry.” Constr. Build. Mater., 29, 449–457.
Binda, L., and Molina, C. (1990). “Building Materials durability: Semi-Markov approach.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 223–239.
Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Bakbak, D., Kaplan, H., and Isik, B. (2009a). “Sound insulation of fibre reinforced mud brick walls.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(2), 1035–1041.
Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Bodur, M. N., Akca, E., and Kapur, S. (2007). “Thermal isolation and mechanical properties of fibre reinforced mud bricks as wall materials.” Constr. Build. Mater., 21(4), 901–906.
Binici, H., Aksogan, O., and Shah, T. (2005). “Investigation of fibre reinforced mud brick as a building material.” Constr. Build. Mater., 19(4), 313–318.
Binici, H., Temiz, H., Aksogan, O., and Ulusoy, A. (2009c). “The engineering properties of fired brick incorporating textile waste ash and basaltic pumice.” J. Faculty Eng. Archit. Gazi Univ., 24(3), 485–498.
Braja, M. D. (2007). Advance soil mechanics, Taylor & Francis, New York.
Building Code of Pakistan. (2007). “Seismic hazard evaluation studies.” National Engineering Services of Pakistan, Ministry of Housing and Works, Government of Pakistan, Pakistan.
Carsana, M., Frassoni, M., and Bertolini, L. (2014). “Comparison of ground waste glass with other supplementary cementitious materials.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 45, 39–45.
Carty, W. M., and Senapati, U. (1998). “Porcelain-raw materials, processing, phase evolution, and mechanical behaviour.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81(1), 3–20.
Chidiac, S., and Federico, L. (2007). “Effects of waste glass additions on the properties and durability of fired clay brick.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 34(11), 1458–1466.
Christy, C., and Tensing, D. (2011). “Greener building material with fly ash.” Asian J. Civ. Eng., 12(1), 87–105.
Djangang, N. C., Kamseu, E., Elimbi, A., Lecomte, G., and Blanchart, P. (2014). “Net-shape clay ceramics with glass waste additive.” Mater. Sci. Appl., 5, 592–602.
Dollimore, D., Tong, P., and Alexander, K. S. (1996). “The kinetic interpretation of the decomposition of calcium carbonate by using relationships other than the Arrhenius equation.” Thermochim. Acta, 282–283, 13–27.
Dondi, M., Guarini, G., Raimondo, M., and Zanelli, C. (2009). “Recycling PC and TV waste glass in clay bricks and roof tiles.” Waste Manage., 29(6), 1945–1951.
Dweck, J. (2008). “Qualitative and quantitative characterization of Brazilian natural and organophilic clays by thermal analysis.” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 92(1), 129–135.
Elert, K., and Cultrone, G. (2003). “Durability of bricks used in the conservation of historic buildings-influence of composition and microstructure.” J. Cult. Heritage, 4(2), 91–99.
Eliche-Quesada, D., and Leite-Costa, J. (2016). “Use of bottom ash from olive pomace combustion in the production of eco-friendly fired clay bricks.” Waste Manage., 48, 323–333.
Environment Agency. (2009). “Flat glass collection—The benefits of good practice.” ⟨http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Flat_Glass_Benefits_Brochure_Final.6784.pdf⟩ (Mar. 13, 2016).
Faria, K., Gurgel, R., and Holanda, J. (2012). “Recycling of sugarcane bagasse ash waste in the production of clay bricks.” J. Environ. Manage., 101, 7–12.
Fernandes, H. R., Tulyaganov, D. U., and Ferreira, J. M. F. (2013). “Production and characterisation of glass ceramic foams from recycled raw materials.” Adv. Appl. Ceram., 108(1), 9–13.
Galvao, A. C. P., Farias, A. C. M., and Mendes, J. U. L. (2015). “Characterization of waste of soda-lime glass generated from lapping process to reuse as filler in composite materials as thermal insulation.” Ceramica, 61(359), 367–373.
Gorhan, G., and Simsek, O. (2013). “Porous clay bricks manufactured with rice husks.” Constr. Build. Mater., 40, 390–396.
Jihwan, K., Jae-Heum, M., Jae, W. S., Jongsung, S., Hyeon-Gi, L., and Goangseup, Z. (2014). “Durability properties of a concrete with waste glass sludge exposed to freeze-and-thaw condition and de-icing salt.” Constr. Build. Mater., 66, 398–402.
Karaman, S., Ersahin, S., and Gunal, H. (2006). “Firing temperature and firing time influence on mechanical and physical properties of clay bricks.” J. Sci. Ind. Res., 65, 153–159.
Karaman, S., Gunal, H., and Ersahin, S. (2008). “Quantitative analysis of pumice effect on some physical and mechanical properties of clay bricks.” J. Appl. Sci., 8(7), 1340–1345.
Kazmi, S. M. S., Abbas, S., Munir, M. J., and Khitab, A. (2016a). “Exploratory study on the effect of waste rice husk and sugarcane bagasse ashes in burnt clay bricks.” J. Build. Eng., 7, 372–378.
Kazmi, S. M. S., Abbas, S., Saleem, M. A., Munir, M. J., and Khitab, A. (2016b). “Manufacturing of sustainable clay bricks: Utilization of waste sugarcane bagasse and rice husk ashes.” Constr. Build. Mater., 120, 29–41.
Kim, J., Chongku, Y., and Goangseup, Z. (2015). “Waste glass sludge as a partial cement replacement in mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater., 75, 242–246.
Kim, J., Kim, U., Byeon, M., Kang, W., Hwang, K., and Cho, W. (2011). “Recovery of cerium from glass polishing slurry.” J. Rare Earths, 29(11), 1075–1078.
Koroth, S. R., Fazio, P., and Feldman, D. (1998). “Evaluation of clay brick durability using ultrasonic pulse velocity.” J. Archit. Eng., 142–147.
Laila, A., Cecile, B., Marie, C., Bernard, P., and Herve, L. (2016). “Properties of fired clay bricks with incorporated biomasses: Cases of olive stone flour and wheat straw residues.” Constr. Build. Mater., 102, 7–13.
Lee, H., Hongseob, O., Jongsung, S., and Gwangseop, Z. (2013). “An experimental study on the multi-deterioration resistances of concrete containing waste-glass sludge.” J. KOSHAM, 13(2), 67–74.
Loryuenyong, V., Panyachai, T., Kaewsimork, K., and Siritai, C. (2009). “Effects of recycled glass substitution on the physical and mechanical properties of clay bricks.” Waste Manage., 29(10), 2717–2721.
Madurwar, M., Mandavgane, S., and Ralegaonkar, R. (2014). “Development of feasibility analysis of bagasse ash bricks.” J. Energy Eng., 141(3), .
Matthew, H., John, O., and John, F. (2010). “Quantifying potential profit from material recycling: A case study in brick manufacturing.” J. Cleaner Prod., 18(12), 1190–1199.
More, A., Tarade, A., and Anant, A. (2014). “Assessment of suitability of fly ash and rice husk ash burnt clay bricks.” Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ., 4(7), 1–6.
Musthafa, A. M., Janaki, K., and Velraj, G. (2010). “Microscopy, porosimetry and chemical analysis to estimate the firing temperature of some archaeological pottery shreds from India.” Microchem. J., 95(2), 311–314.
Naik, N., Bahadure, B., and Jejurkar, C. (2014). “Strength and durability of fly ash, cement and gypsum bricks.” Int. J. Comput. Eng. Res., 4(5), 1–4.
Netinger, I., Vracevic, M., Ranogajec, J., and Vucetic, S. (2014). “Evaluation of brick resistance to freeze thaw cycles according to indirect procedures.” Gradevinar, 66(3), 197–209.
Ogbukagu, I. N. (1980). “Refractory clays from the Ogwashi-Asaba formation, South-East Nigeria.” Nigeria Field, 45, 76–82.
Okunade, E. A. (2008). “The effect of wood ash and sawdust admixtures on the engineering properties of a burnt laterite-clay brick.” J. Appl. Sci., 8(6), 1042–1048.
Oti, J. E., and Kinuthia, J. M. (2012). “Stabilised unfired clay bricks for environmental and sustainable use.” Appl. Clay Sci., 58, 52–59.
Phonphuak, N. (2013). “Effects of additive on the physical and thermal conductivity of fired clay brick.” J. Chem. Sci. Technol., 2(2), 95–99.
Phonphuak, N., Kanyakam, S., and Chindaprasirt, P. (2016). “Utilization of waste glass to enhance physical-mechanical properties of fired clay brick.” J. Cleaner Prod., 112, 3057–3062.
Saboya, F., Xavier, G., and Alexandre, J. (2007). “The use of the powder marble by-product to enhance the properties of brick ceramic.” Constr. Build. Mater., 21(10), 1950–1960.
Seaverson, E. J., Brosnan, D. A., Frederic, J. C., and Sanders, J. P. (2003). “Predicting the freeze-thaw durability of bricks based on residual expansion, masonry: Opportunities for the 21st century.” ASTM STP 1432, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
Sei, J., et al. (2004). “Characterisation of kaolinitic clays from the Ivory Coast (West Africa).” Appl. Clay Sci., 27(3–4), 235–239.
Shapilova, M. V., and Alimova, S. I. (2000). “Environmental problems in production of household and crystal glass.” Glass Ceram., 57(7), 293–295.
Shi, C. (2009). “Corrosion of glasses and expansion mechanism of concrete containing waste glasses as aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 529–534.
Sutcu, M., Alptekin, H., Erdogmus, E., Yusuf, E., and Gencel, O. (2015). “Characteristics of fired clay bricks with waste marble powder addition as building materials.” Constr. Build. Mater., 82, 1–8.
Tiffo, E., Elimbi, A., Manga, J. D., and Tchamba, A. B. (2015). “Red ceramics produced from mixtures of kaolinite clay and SZZ waste glass.” Braz. J. Sci. Technol., 2(4), 1–13.
Ukwatta, A., Mohajerani, A., Eshtiaghi, N., and Setunge, S. (2016). “Variation in physical and mechanical properties of fired-clay bricks incorporating ETP biosolids.” J. Cleaner Prod., 119, 76–85.
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. (1986). “A compendium of information on selected low cost building materials.” Un-habitat, Nairobi, Kenya.
Varghese, P. C. (2015). Building materials, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India.
Velasco, P., Ortiz, M., Giro, M., and Velasco, L. (2014). “Fired clay bricks manufactured by adding wastes as sustainable construction material—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater., 63, 97–107.
Wagh, A. S., Poeppel, R. B., and Singh, J. P. (1991). “Open pore description of mechanical properties of ceramics.” J. Mater. Sci., 26(14), 3862–3868.
Wang, Q., Odlyha, M., and Cohen, N. S. (2000). “Thermal analysis of selected soil samples from the thombs at the Tianma-Qucun site, Shanxi, China.” Thermochim. Acta, 365(1–2), 189–195.
Yakub, I., Du, J., and Soboyejo, W. O. (2012). “Mechanical properties, modeling and design of porous clay ceramics.” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 558, 21–29.
Yariv, S. (2004). “The role of charcoal on DTA curves of organo-clay complexes: An overview.” Appl. Clay Sci., 24(3–4), 225–236.
Yigit, A., Mustafa, G., and Alper, T. (2013). “Foam glass processing using a polishing glass powder residue.” Ceram. Int., 39(5), 5869–5877.
Young, D. (1995). Rising damp and salt attack, State Heritage Branch, Dept. of Environment and Natural Resource, Adelaide, Australia.
Zhang, L. (2013). “Production of bricks from waste materials—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater., 47, 643–655.
Zsembery, S. (2001). Manual 2: The properties of clay masonry units, Clay Brick and Paver Institute, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 8 • August 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 10, 2016
Accepted: Dec 30, 2016
Published online: Mar 30, 2017
Published in print: Aug 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Aug 30, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.