Analysis of Strip Footings on Fiber-Reinforced Slopes with the Aid of Particle Image Velocimetry
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 4
Abstract
This paper provides results of a comprehensive investigation into the use of waste carpet fibers for reinforcement of clay soil slopes. The interaction between laboratory scale model slopes made of fiber-reinforced clay soil and surface strip footing load was examined. Results for the influence of two variables, namely fiber content and distance between the footing edge and the crest of the slope, are presented and discussed. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to study the deformation of the slope under the surface loading. The front side of the tank was made of a thick Perspex glass to facilitate taking accurate images during the loading stage. To study the stress induced in the slope under footing pressure, excess pore-water pressure and total stress increase were measured at predetermined locations within the slope. The results showed that fiber reinforcement increased the bearing resistance of the model slope significantly. For instance, inclusion of 5% waste carpet fiber increased the bearing pressure by 145% at a 10% settlement ratio.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Adrian, R. J. (1991). “Particle imaging techniques for experimental fluid mechanics.” Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23(1), 261–304.
Al-Akhras, N. M., Attom, M. F., Al-Akhras, K. M., and Malkawi, A. I. H. (2008). “Influence of fibres on swelling properties of clayey soil.” Geosynthetics Int. J., 15(4), 304–309.
AutoCAD [Computer software]. Autodesk, Hampshire, U.K.
Bhardwaj, D. K., and Mandal, J. N. (2008). “Centrifuge modelling on fibre reinforced fly ash slope.” Proc., 4th Asian Regional Conf. on Geosynthetics, Springer, Berlin, 197–202.
Botero, E., Ossa, A., Sherwell, G., and Ovando-Shelley, E. (2015). “Stress-strain behavior of a silty soil reinforced with polyethylene terephthalate (PET).” Geotext. Geomembr., 43(4), 363–369.
Castelli, F., and Lentini, V. (2012). “Evaluation of the bearing capacity of footings on slopes.” Int. J. Phys. Modell. Geotech., 12(3), 112–118.
Chen, C. W., and Loehr, J. E. (2008). “Undrained and drained triaxial tests of fibre-reinforced sand.” Proc., 4th Asian Regional Conf. on Geosynthetics, Springer, Berlin, 114–120.
Choudhary, A. K., Jha, J. N., and Gill, K. S. (2010). “Laboratory investigation of bearing capacity behaviour of strip footing on reinforced flyash slope.” Geotext. Geomembr., 28(4), 393–402.
Consoli, N., Casagrande, M., Prietto, P., and Thomé, A. (2003). “Plate load test on fiber-reinforced soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 951–955.
Consoli, N. C., Casagrande, M. D. T., Thome, A. R., Dalla Rosa, F., and Fahey, M. (2009). “Effect of relative density on plate loading tests on fibre-reinforced sand.” Geotechnique, 59(5), 471–476.
Consoli, N. C., Prietto, M., and Ulbrich, A. (1998). “Influence of fiber and cement addition on behavior of sandy soil.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1211–1214.
Correia, A., Venda Oliveira, P., and Custódio, D. (2015). “Effect of polypropylene fibres on the compressive and tensile strength of a soft soil, artificially stabilised with binders.” Geotext. Geomembr., 43(2), 97–106.
Diambra, A., and Ibraim, E. (2014). “Modelling of fibre-cohesive soil mixtures.” Acta Geotech., 9(6), 1029–1043.
Diambra, A., and Ibraim, E. (2015). “Fibre-reinforced sand: Interaction at the fibre and grain scale.” Geotechnique, 65(4), 296–308.
Diambra, A., Russell, A. R., Ibraim, E., and Muir Wood, D. (2007). “Determination of fibre orientation distribution in reinforced sands.” Geotechnique, 57(7), 623–628.
DynamicStudio V3.20 [Computer software]. Dantec Dynamics, Skovlunde, Denmark.
Ekinci, A., and Ferreira, P. M. V. (2012). “The undrained mechanical behaviour of a fibre-reinforced heavily over-consolidated clay.” ISSMGE-TC 211 Int. Symp. on Ground Improvement, Curran Associates, New York.
Estabragh, A., Bordbar, A., and Javadi, A. (2011). “Mechanical behaviour of a clay soil reinforced with nylon fibres.” J. Geotech. Geol. Eng., 29(5), 899–908.
Fatahi, B., Fatahi, B., Le, T. M., and Khabbaz, H. (2013a). “Small-strain properties of soft clay treated with fibre and cement.” Geosynthetics Int., 20(4), 286–300.
Fatahi, B., Khabbaz, H., and Fatahi, B. (2012). “Mechanical characteristics of soft clay treated with fibre and cement.” Geosynthetics Int. J., 19(3), 252–262.
Fatahi, B., Le, T. M., Fatahi, B., and Khabbaz, H. (2013b). “Shrinkage properties of soft clay treated with cement and geofibers.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. J., 31(5), 1421–1435.
Ghiassian, H., Poorebrahim, G., and Gray, D. (2004). “Soil reinforcement with recycled carpet wastes.” Waste Manage. Res. J., 22(2), 108–114.
Gray, D. H., and Al-Refeai, T. O. (1986). “Behavior of fabric- versus fiber-reinforced sand.” J. Geotech. Eng., 804–820.
Gregory, G. H., and Chill, D. S. (1998). “Stabilization of earth slopes with fibre reinforcement.” Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Geosynthetics, Atlanta, 1073–1078.
Habib, P. A. (1974). “Scale effect for shallow footings on dense sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 100(1), 95–99.
Hamidi, A., and Hooresfand, M. (2013). “Effect of fiber reinforcement on triaxial shear behaviour of cement treated sand.” Geotext. Geomembr., 36, 1–9.
Harianto, T., Hayashi, S., Du, Y. J., and Suetsugu, D. (2008). “Effects of fiber additives on the desiccation crack behavior of the compacted Akaboku soil as a material for landfill cover barrier.” J. Water Air Soil Pollut., 194(1), 141–149.
Heineck, K., Coop, M., and Consoli, N. (2005). “Effect of microreinforcement of soils from very small to large shear strains.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1024–1033.
Ibraim, E., Diambra, A., Russell, A. R., and Muir Wood, D. (2012). “Assessment of laboratory sample preparation for fibre reinforced sands.” Geotext. Geomembr., 34, 69–79.
Jamellodin, Z., Talib, Z., Kolop, R., and Noor, N. (2010). “The effect of oil palm fibre on strength behaviour of soil.” 3rd SANREM Conf., Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Jayasree, P. K., Rajagopal, K., and Gnanendran, C. T. (2012). “Influence of sidewall friction on the results of small-scale laboratory model tests: Numerical assessment.” Int. J. Geomech., 119–126.
Kumar, A., and Kaur, A. (2012). “Model tests of square footing resting on fibre reinforced sand bed.” J. Geosynthetic Int., 19(5), 385–392.
Kumar, A., Walia, B. S., and Mohan, J. (2006). “Compressive strength of fibre reinforced highly compressible clay.” Constr. Build. Mater., 20(10), 1063–1068.
Maher, M. H., and Ho, Y. C. (1994). “Mechanical properties of kaolinite/fiber soil composite.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1381–1393.
Miller, C. J., and Rifai, S. (2004). “Fiber reinforcement of waste containment soil liners.” J. Environ. Eng., 891–895.
Miraftab, M., and Lickfold, A. (2008). “Utilization of carpet waste in reinforcement of substandard soils.” J. Ind. Text., 38(2), 167–174.
Mirzababaei, M., Miraftab, M., Mohamed, M., and McMahon, P. (2013a). “Impact of waste carpet fibres on swelling properties of compacted clays.” J. Geotech. Geol. Eng., 31(1), 173–182.
Mirzababaei, M., Miraftab, M., Mohamed, M., and McMahon, P. (2013b). “Unconfined compression strength of clays with waste carpet fibres.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 483–493.
Murray, J. J., Frost, J. D., and Wang, Y. (2000). “Behaviour of a sandy silt reinforced with discontinuous recycled fibre inclusions.” Trans. Res. Rec. J., 1714(1), 9–17.
Nasr, A. M. (2014). “Behavior of strip footing on fiber-reinforced cemented sand adjacent to sheet pile wall.” Geotext. Geomembr., 42(6), 599–610.
Pino, L. F. M., and Baudet, B. (2015). “The effect of the particle size distribution on the mechanics of fibre-reinforced sands under one-dimensional compression.” Geotext. Geomembr., 43(3), 250–258.
Puppala, A. J., and Musenda, C. (2000). “Effects of fiber reinforcement on strength and volume change in expansive soils.” Trans. Res. Rec. J., 1736, 134–140.
Saad, S., Mirzababaei, M., Mohamed, M., and Miraftab, M. (2012). “Uniformity of density of compacted fibre reinforced clay soil samples prepared by static compaction.” 5th European Geosynthetics Congress, International Geosynthetics Society, Spain.
Santoni, R. L., and Webster, S. L. (2001). “Airfields and road construction using fibre stabilization of sands.” J. Trans. Eng., 96–104.
Tang, C., Shi, B., Cui, Y., Liu, C., and Gu, K. (2012). “Desiccation cracking behaviour of polypropylene fibre-reinforced clayey soil.” Can. Geotech. J., 49(9), 1088–1101.
Tang, C., Shi, B., Gao, W., Chen, F., and Cai, Y. (2007). “Strength and mechanical behavior of short polypropylene fiber reinforced and cement stabilized clayey soil.” Geotext. Geomembr., 25(3), 194–202.
Tang, C., Wang, D., Cui, Y., Shi, B., and Li, J. (2016). “Tensile strength of fiber-reinforced soil.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04016031–13.
Toyosawa, Y., Itoh, K., Kikkawa, N., Yang, J., and Liu, F. (2013). “Influence of model footing diameter and embedded depth on particle size effect in centrifugal bearing capacity tests.” Soils Found., 53(2), 349–356.
Vesic, A. S. (1973). “Analysis of ultimate loads of shallow foundations.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 99(SM1), 45–73.
Viswanadham, B. V. S., Phanikumar, B. R., and Mukherjee, R. V. (2009). “Swelling behaviour of a geofibre-reinforced expansive soil.” Geotext. Geomembr., 27(1), 73–76.
White, D. J., Take, W. A., and Bolton, M. D. (2003). “Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry.” Geotechnique, 53(7), 619–631.
Yetimoglu, T., Inanir, M., and Inanir, O. (2005). “A study on bearing capacity of randomly distributed fiber-reinforced sand fills overlying soft clay.” Geotext. Geomembr., 23(2), 174–183.
Zhu, H., Zhang, C., Tang, C., Shi, B., and Wang, B. (2014). “Modelling the pullout behaviour of short fiber in reinforced soil.” Geotext. Geomembr., 42(4), 329–338.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 4 • April 2017
Copyright
©2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 5, 2015
Accepted: Jul 26, 2016
Published online: Oct 26, 2016
Discussion open until: Mar 26, 2017
Published in print: Apr 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.