Sulfate Resistance in OPC and SRPC Containing Calcined Paper Sludge Waste: Ettringite or Thaumasite Formation
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 2
Abstract
The Le Chatelier–Anstett test was used to study the sulfate resistance of cement pastes containing calcined paper sludge waste (MC). MC was blended with two types of portland cement (PC): P1 with and P2 without (ordinary portland cement, OPC, and sulfate-resistant portland cement, SRPC, respectively). The study of thaumasite formation required the utilization of a third PC, P3. The results showed that sulfate resistance always decreased at higher ratios of PC replacement by MC. This behavior was attributable to the expansive synergic effect (ESE), originated by the coprecipitation of ettringite from two resources in a gypsum and water medium. Part of the ettringite formed rapidly from the in MC, and rapidly or slowly from the in P1, depending on whether its early pozzolanic activity was sufficient or not. Rapid-forming ettringite of both origins was induced by the sufficient specific, fast, and early pozzolanic activity resulting in the indirect stimulation of sulfate-mediated P1 hydration (its content especially) by the metakaolin present in the MC. Where such activity was insufficient, however, slow-forming ettringite was generated, reducing the ESE. The substantial calcite content in MC also played a very significant role in ESE, the result of the stimulation of such hydration, concomitant sulfate attack, and thaumasite formation. Stimulation was both direct (due to initial particle moistening by the mixing water) and nondirect (due, at the very outset, to the positive and negative electrostatic charge acquired by their particles during grinding and/or mixing, and subsequently, to the zeta potential originated as PC hydration progressed). Lastly, calcite (natural or synthesized in portlandite carbonation) was shown to be needed for thaumasite to form, a process not confined solely to low-temperature environments.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Colmen Paper-Papelera Peninsular Company for its kind support and to the MCYT (Spanish Government), by means of national project, ref. CTM2006-12551-C03-01. The physics-chemical characteristics and crystalline composition of each PC have been provided by their manufacturers.
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Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 2 • February 2017
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 6, 2015
Accepted: Jun 15, 2016
Published online: Sep 22, 2016
Published in print: Feb 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Feb 22, 2017
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