Seismic Modulus Maturity Function for Lime and Lime–Cement Stabilized Clay
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 3
Abstract
Stabilization via lime and/or cement is commonly used to improve poor subgrade soil. The key design parameters for lime stabilized soils and lime–cement stabilized soils (LSS/L-CSS) are strength and stiffness, the growth of which are dependent on both time and temperature. It is generally understood that increased curing temperature will result in increased LSS/L-CSS strength/stiffness; however, there is no quantitative framework for predicting this behavior. This paper proposes a modulus maturity function for LSS/L-CSS that estimates low-strain modulus as a function of the curing duration and the average curing temperature over that duration. To develop the maturity function, nondestructive seismic modulus tests were performed on cylinders cured at varying temperature regimes from three LSS/L-CSS construction sites. Variations in curing behavior were compared within and across sites and least-squares regression analysis was performed to assess the functional behavior of the data. Results indicate that seismic modulus growth in LSS/L-CSS is nonlinear in both time and temperature and should be characterized via a maturity function.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (2008). “Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG): A manual of practice.” Washington, DC.
Ahnberg, H., and Holmen, M. (2008). “Laboratory determination of small-strain moduli in stabilized soils.” Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Linkoping, Sweden.
Alexander, M. L., and Doty, R. N. (1978). “Determination of strength equivalency factors for the design of lime-stabilized roadways.” California Dept. of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.
ASTM. (1998). “Practice for estimating concrete strength by the maturity method.” ASTM C1074, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2006). “Standard test method for using pH to estimate the soil-lime proportion requirement for soil stabilization.” ASTM D6276-99a, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2008). “Standard test methods for one-dimensional expansion, shrinkage, and uplift pressure of soil-lime mixtures.” ASTM D3877, West Conshohocken, PA.
Biswas, B. R. (1972). “Study of accelerated curing and other factors influencing soil stabilization.” Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 295.
Boardman, D. I., Glendinning, S., and Rogers, C. D. F. (2001). “Development of stabilisation and solidification in lime-clay mixes.” Geotechnique, 51(6), 533–543.
Carino, N. J., and Lew, H. S. (2001). “The maturity method: From theory to application.” Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
Chitambira, B. (2004). “Accelerated ageing of cement stabilised/solidified contaminated soils with elevated temperatures.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
Chitambira, B., Al-Tabbaa, A., Perera, A. S. R., and Yu, X. D. (2007). “The activation energy of stabilized/solidified contaminated soils.” J. Hazard. Mater., 141(2), 422–429.
Daniels, J. L., et al. (2007). “Subgrade stabilization alternatives to lime and cement.”, Dept. of Transportation, Rayleigh, NC.
Drake, J. A., and Haliburton, T. A. (1972). “Accelerated curing of salt-treated and lime-treated cohesive soils.” Highway Res. Board, 381, 10–19.
Freiesleben Hansen, P., and Pedersen, J. (1977). “Maturity computer for controlled curing and hardening of concrete.” Nordisk Betong, 1(19), 19–34.
Kavak, A., and Baykal, G. (2012). “Long-term behaviour of lime-stabilized kaolinite clay.” Environ. Earth Sci., 66(7), 1943–1955.
Kim, J. K., Han, S. H., and Lee, M. (2001). “Estimation of compressive strength by a new apparent activation energy function.” Cem. Concr. Res., 31(2), 217–225.
Kim, J. K., Moon, Y. H., and Eo, S. H. (1998). “Compressive strength development of concrete with different curing time and temperature.” Cem. Concr. Res., 28(12), 1761–1773.
Little, D. (1987). “Fundamentals of the stabilization of soil with lime.”, National Lime Association, Arlington, VA.
Little, D. (1995). “Handbook for the stabilization of pavement subgrades and base courses with lime.” 〈www.limetexas.org〉 (Aug. 2, 2012).
Little, D. (1999). “Evaluation of structural properties of lime stabilized soils and aggregates.” National Lime Association, Arlington, VA, 89.
Little, D. (2000). “Evaluation of structural properties of lime stabilized soils and aggregates. Vol. 3: Mixture design and testing protocol for lime stabilized soils.” National Lime Association, Arlington, VA.
Little, D., Scullion, T., Kota, P., and Bhuiyan, J. (1994). “Identification of the structural benefits of base and subgrade stabilization.”, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX.
Mallela, J., VonQuintus, H., and Smith, K. L. (2004). “Consideration of lime-stabilized layers in mechanistic-empirical pavement design.” National Lime Association, Arlington, VA.
McIntosh, J. D. (1949). “Electrical curing of concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res., 1(1), 21–28.
Nazarian, S., Yuan, D., and Arellano, M. (2002). “Quality management of base and subgrade materials with seismic methods.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 3–10.
Nurse, R. W. (1949). “Steam curing of concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res., 1(2), 79–88.
Ryden, N. (2004). “Surface wave testing of pavements.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering and Geology, Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden.
Saul, A. G. A. (1951). “Principles underlying the steam curing of concrete at atmospheric pressure.” Mag. Concr. Res., 2(6), 127–140.
Silva, J., Azenha, M., Correia, A. G., and Ferreira, C. (2013). “Continuous stiffness assessment of cement-stabilised soils from early age.” Géotechnique, 63(16), 1419–1432.
Taylor, H. F. W. (1997). Cement chemistry, 2nd Ed., Academic Press, London.
Terrel, R. L., Epps, J. A., Barenberg, E. J., Mitchell, J. K., and Thompson, M. R. (1979). “Soil stabilization in pavement structures: A user’s manual.” Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Thompson, M. R. (1966). “Shear strength and elastic properties of lime soil mixtures.” Highway Research Board, Univ. of Illinois, Champaign, IL, 1–14.
Toohey, N. M., and Mooney, M. A. (2012). “Seismic modulus growth of lime-stabilised soil during curing.” Geotechnique, 62(2), 161–170.
Toohey, N. M., Mooney, M. A., and Bearce, R. G. (2013). “Stress-strain-strength behavior of lime stabilized soils during accelerated curing.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 1880–1886.
Townsend, F. C., and Donaghe, T. R. (1976). “Investigation of accelerated curing of soil-lime and lime-fly ash-aggregate mixtures United States of America.” Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, 84.
West, G., and Carder, D. R. (1997). “Review of lime piles and lime stabilised soil columns.”, Transportation Research Laboratory, Berkshire, U.K., 3–4.
Williams, R. R., and Nazarian, S. (2007). “Correlation of resilient and seismic modulus test results.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 1026–1032.
Yi, S. T., Moon, Y. H., and Kim, J. K. (2005). “Long-term strength prediction of concrete with curing temperature.” Cem. Concr. Res., 35(10), 1961–1969.
‘Yusuf, F., Little, D. N., and Sarkar, S. L. (2001). “Evaluation of structural contribution of lime stabilization of subgrade soils in Mississippi.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 22–31.
Zhang, R. J., Lu, Y. T., Tan, T. S., Phoon, K. K., and Santoso, A. M. (2014). “Long-term effect of curing temperature on the strength behavior of cement-stabilized clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 04014045.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28 • Issue 3 • March 2016
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 21, 2014
Accepted: Jul 15, 2015
Published online: Sep 15, 2015
Discussion open until: Feb 15, 2016
Published in print: Mar 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.