Material Properties of Large-Size Tire Derived Aggregate for Civil Engineering Applications
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 9
Abstract
Tire derived aggregate (TDA) is a recycled fill material produced by cutting scrap tires into pieces ranging in size from 12 to 305 mm. For the last two decades, TDA has been successfully used in various projects such as embankments, bridge abutments, subgrade insulation for roads, vibration mitigation for rail lines, and landfill daily cover. The material properties of TDA are necessary for the planning and design of such projects; however, there is limited information available, especially for large-size TDA (maximum particle size ). Large-size TDA is typically used as lightweight fill material for embankments, foundations, and retaining walls. In this paper, the material properties of large-size TDA, as collected from published sources and recently completed material tests, are presented and discussed. These properties include unit weight, shear strength, compressibility, and lateral earth pressure coefficient. In addition, several civil engineering projects are discussed and compared to highlight the use of TDA in state-of-the-art applications.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Mr. Roberto Chang Siu in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California–Davis prepared several drawings for this paper. His contribution is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Ahn, I.-S., and Cheng, L. (2014). “Tire derived aggregate for retaining wall backfill under earthquake loading.” Constr. Build. Mater., 57, 105–116.
ASTM. (2008). “Standard practice for use of scrap tires in civil engineering applications.” D6270, West Conshohocken, PA.
Dickson, T. H., Dwyer, D. F., and Humphrey, D. N. (2001). “Prototype tire-shred embankment construction.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 160–167.
Edil, T. B. (2008). “A review of environmental impacts and environmental application of shredded scrap tires.” Scrap tire derived geomaterials—Opportunities and challenges, H. Hazarika and K. Yasuhara, eds., Taylor & Francis Group, London, 3–18.
Edil, T. B., Bosscher, P. J., and Eldin, N. N. (1990). “Development of engineering criteria for shredded or whole tires in highway applications.”, Wisconsin Dept. of Transportation, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
Edstrom, R., Jordahl-Larson, M., and Sampson, J. (2009). “Oak Grove tire shreds project: Tire shreds below the seasonal groundwater table (MN/RC 2009-02).” Minnesota Dept. of Transportation, St. Paul, MN.
Finney, B., Chandler, Z. H., Bruce, J. L., and Apple, B. (2013). “Properties of tire derived aggregate for civil engineering applications.” California Dept. of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), Humbolt State Univ., Sacramento, CA.
Foose, G. J., Benson, C. H., and Bosscher, P. J. (1996). “Sand reinforced with shredded waste tires.” J. Geotech. Eng., 760–767.
Fox, P. J. (2013a). “Direct shear test of type B TDA.”, California Dept. of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), Sacramento, CA.
Fox, P. J. (2013b). “Literature review on shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio for tire-derived aggregate (TDA).”, California Dept. of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), Sacramento, CA.
Gale, S., Lichty, N., and Forsberg, A. (2013). “Bridge approach embankment slope distress: Analysis, monitoring, design & remediation—A case study.” Geo-Congress 2013, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1384–1399.
Geosyntec Consultants. (2008). Guidance manual for engineering uses of scrap tires, Maryland Dept. of the Environment’s Scrap Tire Program, Baltimore.
Heimdahl, T. C., and Drescher, A. (1999). “Elastic anisotropy of tire shreds.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 383–389.
Helstrom, C. L., Weaver, J. W., and Humphrey, D. N. (2010). “Lateral pressures behind retaining walls backfilled with tire derived aggregate.” Presentation at the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Hoppe, E. J., and Mullen, W. G. (2004). “Field study of a shredded-tire embankment in Virginia.”, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA.
Humphrey, D. N. (2003). “Civil engineering applications using tire derived aggregate (TDA).” California Integrated Waste Management Board, Sacramento, CA.
Humphrey, D. N. (2004). “Effectiveness of design guidelines for use of tire derived aggregate as lightweight embankment fill.” Recycled Materials in Geotechnics (GSP 127), Proc., ASCE Civil Engineering Conf. and Exposition 2004, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Humphrey, D. N. (2008). “Tire derived aggregate as lightweight fill for embankments and retaining walls.” Scrap tire derived geomaterials—Opportunities and challenges, H. Hazarika and K. Yasuhara, eds., Taylor & Francis Group, London.
Humphrey, D. N., and Eaton, R. A. (1995). “Field performance of tire chips as subgrade insulation for rural roads.” Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Low-Volume Roads, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 77–86.
Humphrey, D. N., and Helstrom, C. (2009). “Tire derived aggregate as backfill for retaining walls.” New York State TDA Workshop, Center for Integrated Waste Management, Buffalo, NY.
Humphrey, D. N., and Katz, L. E. (2000). “Five-year field study of the water quality effects of tire shreds placed above the water table.” Transportation Research Board 79th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Humphrey, D. N., and Katz, L. E. (2001). “Field study of the water quality effects of tire shreds placed below the water table.” Int. Conf. on Beneficial Use of Recycled Materials in Transportation Applications, Air and Waste Management Association, Sewickley, PA.
Humphrey, D. N., Sandford, T. C., Cribbs, M. M., and Manion, W. P. (1993). “Shear strength and compressibility of tire chips for use as retaining wall backfill.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 29–35.
Humphrey, D. N., and Swett, M. (2006). “Literature review of the water quality effects of tire derived aggregate and rubber modified asphalt pavement.” Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME.
Humphrey, D. N., Whetten, N., Weaver, J., and Recker, K. (2000). “Tire shreds as lightweight fill for construction on weak marine clay.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Coastal Geotechnical Engineering in Practice, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 611–616.
Humphrey, D. N., Whetten, N., Weaver, J., Recker, K., and Cosgrove, T. A. (1998). “TDA as lightweight fill for embankments and retaining walls.” Proc., Conf. on Recycled Materials in Geotechnical Applications, ASCE, Arlington, VA, 51–65.
IT Corporation. (2002). “Civil engineering applications of tire shreds, Dixon Landing on-ramp, Highway 880, Milpitas, California.” California Integrated Waste Management Board, Sacramento, CA.
Jeremić, B., Putnam, J., Sett, K., Humphrey, D., and Patenaude, S. (2004). “Calibration of elastic-plastic material model for tire shreds.” GeoTrans 2004, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Jesionek, K. S., Humphrey, D. N., and Dunn, R. J. (1998). “Overview of shredded tire applications in landfills.” Tire Industry Conf., Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC.
Kennec. (2008). “Construction activity summary report Marina Drive landslide repair, Calpella, California.” California Integrated Waste Management Board, Sacramento, CA.
Kennec. (2009). “Tire derived aggregate as backfill for slide repair, construction report, Geysers Road Project, Sonoma County, CA.” California Integrated Waste Management Board, Sacramento, CA.
Lassiter, A. (2009). “Septic system trench TDA—A national overview.” New York State TDA Workshop, Center for Integrated Waste Management, Buffalo, NY.
Lawrence, B., Humphrey, D., and Chen, L.-H. (1999). “Field trial of tire shreds as insulation for paved roads.” 10th Int. Conf. on Cold Regions Engineering: Putting Research into Practice, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Meles, D., Bayat, A., and Soleymani, H. (2013). “Compression behavior of large-sized tire-derived aggregate for embankment application.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 1285–1290.
Mills, B., and McGinn, J. (2008). “Recycled tires as lightweight fill.” Annual Conf. of the Transportation Association of Canada, Toronto,ON, Canada.
Mills, B., and McGinn, J. (2010). “Design, construction, and performance of a highway embankment failure repaired with tire-derived aggregate.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 90–99.
Moo-Young, H., et al. (2001). “Guidance document for scrap tires utilization in embankments (PA-2001-022-96-30(4)).” Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Transportation, Harrisburg, PA.
Moo-Young, H., Sellasie, K., Zeroka, D., and Sabnis, G. (2003). “Physical and chemical properties of recycled tire shreds for use in construction.” J. Environ. Eng., 921–929.
Nelson, B. E. (2009). “Using tire chips for roadway embankment fill.” New York State TDA Workshop, Center for Integrated Waste Management, Buffalo, NY.
Park, J. K., Edil, T. B., Kim, J. Y., Huh, M., Lee, S. H., and Lee, J. J. (2003). “Suitability of shredded tires as a substitute for a landfill leachate collection medium.” Waste Manage. Res., 21(3), 278–289.
Reid, R. A., and Soupir, S. P. (1998). “Mitigation of void development under bridge approach slabs using rubber tire chips.” Proc., Conf. on Recycled Materials in Geotechnical Applications, ASCE, Arlington, VA, 37–50.
RMA (Rubber Manufacturers Association). (2011). “U.S. scrap tire management summary 2005–2009.” 〈http://www.rma.org/publications/scrap_tires/index.cfm?PublicationID=11517〉 (Jan. 2, 2012).
Shalaby, A., and Khan, R. A. (2005). “Design of unsurfaced roads constructed with large-size shredded rubber tires: A case study.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 44(4), 318–332.
Strenk, P. M., Wartman, J., Grubb, D. G., Humphrey, D. N., and Natale, M. F. (2007). “Variability and scale-dependency of tire-derived aggregate.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 233–241.
Tatlisoz, N., Edil, T. B., and Benson, C. H. (1998). “Interaction between reinforcing geosynthetics and soil-tire chip mixtures.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1109–1119.
Tweedie, J. J., Humphrey, D. N., and Sandford, T. C. (1998a). “Full scale field trials of tire chips as lightweight retaining wall backfill, at-rest conditions.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 64–71.
Tweedie, J. J., Humphrey, D. N., and Sandford, T. C. (1998b). “Tire shreds as lightweight retaining wall backfill: Active conditions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1061–1070.
Wartman, J., Natale, M. F., and Strenk, P. M. (2007). “Immediate and time-dependent compression of tire derived aggregate.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 245–256.
Whetten, N. L., Weaver, J., Humphrey, D. N., and Sandford, T. C. (1997). “Rubber meets the road in Maine.” Civ. Eng., 67(9), 60–63.
Wolfe, S. L., Humphrey, D. N., and Wetzel, E. A. (2004). “Development of tire shred underlayment to reduce groundborn vibrations from LTR track.” GeoTrans 2004, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Xiao, M., Ledezma, M., and Hartman, C. (2013). “Shear resistance of tire derived aggregate (TDA) using large-scale direct shear tests.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04014110.
Zicari, L. (2009). “New York state tire derived aggregate program.” New York State TDA Workshop, Center for Integrated Waste Management, Buffalo, NY.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 27 • Issue 9 • September 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 28, 2014
Accepted: Oct 21, 2014
Published online: Dec 8, 2014
Discussion open until: May 8, 2015
Published in print: Sep 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.