Shear Resistance of Tire-Derived Aggregate Using Large-Scale Direct Shear Tests
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 1
Abstract
This paper presents a large-scale direct shear testing of tire-derived aggregate (TDA) of large sizes (25–75 mm). The objective of this research is to obtain and compare the shear resistances of large-sized TDA and TDA in contact with sand, concrete, and geosynthetics. TDAs are pieces of processed and shredded waste tires that can be used as lightweight and quick fills for embankments, subgrades, and retaining walls. A large-scale direct shear apparatus was designed and constructed. The shear box dimensions were 79 cm wide, 80 cm long, and 122 cm tall. The lower shear box was driven by a hydraulic piston, while the upper shear box remained stationary. The horizontal shear forces, shear displacements, and vertical forces were recorded by an automatic data acquisition system. Three normal loads were applied on the TDA to simulate overburden pressures of 24, 48, and 96 kPa (or 500, 1,000, and ). Duplicate tests were performed to verify the repeatability. The control tests using sand proved that the equipment could obtain comparable and slightly conservative shear strength. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was used to obtain the cohesion (or adhesion) and friction angles of the TDA. The shear testing revealed the difference of failure mechanisms of TDA and sand. For TDA, no peak shear resistance was observed during the entire shearing, and shear resistance continued to increase until the test was terminated at sufficient shear displacement. Further analysis revealed that the shear strength parameters of TDA increase with shear deformation; this represents a challenge in selecting the design parameters of TDAs. The shear strengths of TDA and TDA in contact with other materials are dictated primarily by friction. The friction angles of TDA, TDA on sand, and TDA on concrete are very similar (in a range of 35–39°).
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the California Dept. of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle). The authors appreciate the support of Steve Scherer and Derick Gangbin, research technicians in the Lyles College of Engineering at California State University–Fresno, who helped design and build the shear testing equipment. Willie Liew of Tensar International helped provide the geogrid.
References
ASTM. (2004). “Standard test methods for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions.”, Vol. 08.04, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012). “Standard Practice for Use of Scrap Tires in Civil Engineering Applications.”, Vol. 11.04, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bernal, A., Salgado, R., Swan, R., and Lovell, C. (1997). “Interaction between tire shreds, rubber-sand, and geosynthetics.” Geosynthetics Int., 4(6), 623–643.
Bosscher, P. J., Edil, T. B., and Eldin, N. N. (1992). “Construction and performance of a shredded waste tire test embankment.” Transportation Research Record 1345, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 44–52.
Bosscher, P. J., Edil, T. B., and Kuraoka, S. (1997). “Design of highway embankments using tire chips.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 295–304.
CalRecycle. (2010). “Tire management.” 〈http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/tires/〉 (Feb. 18, 2011).
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (1997). “User guidelines for waste and byproduct materials in pavement construction.”, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
Foose, G. J., Benson, G. H., and Bosscher, P. J. (1996). “Sand reinforced with shredded waste tires.” J. Geotech. Eng., 760–767.
Humphrey, D., Sandford, T., Cribbs, M., and Manion, W. (1993). “Shear strength and compressibility of tire chips for use as retaining wall backfill.” Transportation Research Record 1422, Vol. 1422, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 29–35.
Humphrey, D. N., and Manion, W. P. (1992). “Properties of tire chips for lightweight fill.” Proc., Conf. on Grouting, Soil Improvement, and Geosynthetics, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1344–1355.
Lee, J. H., Salgado, R., Bernal, A., and Lovell, C. W. (1999). “Shredded tires and rubber-sand as lightweight backfill.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132–141.
Pando, M., and Garcia, M. (2011). “Tire derived aggregates as a sustainable backfill or inclusion for retaining walls and bridge abutments.” Proc., 6th Geo3T2 Conf. and Expo, North Carolina Dept. of Transportation, Raleigh, NC.
Strenk, P. M., Wartman, J., Grubb, D. G., Humphrey, D. N., and Natale, M. F. (2007). “Variability and scale-dependency of tire-derived aggregate.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 233–241.
Tandon, V., Velazco, D. A., Nazarian, S., and Picornell, M. (2007). “Performance monitoring of embankments containing tire chips: Case study.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 207–214.
Tatlisoz, N., Edil, T. B., and Benson, C. H. (1998). “Interaction between reinforcing geosynthetics and soil-tire mixtures.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1109–1119.
Tweedie, J. J., Humphrey, D. N., and Sandford, T. C. (1998). “Tire shreds as lightweight retaining wall backfill: active contidions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1061–1070.
Wartman, J., Natale, M. F., and Strenk, P. M. (2007). “Immediate and time-dependent compression of tire derived aggregate.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 245–256.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 27 • Issue 1 • January 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 10, 2013
Accepted: Dec 16, 2013
Published online: Dec 18, 2013
Discussion open until: Dec 8, 2014
Published in print: Jan 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.