Development of Sustainable Cold Rolled Surface Course Asphalt Mixtures Using Waste Fly Ash and Silica Fume
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 26, Issue 3
Abstract
The reduction of hot asphalt mixtures for the usage and development of sustainable supplementary cold asphalt mixtures (CAMs) for the construction of road and highway surface layers is a major issue for researchers around the world. This reduction will benefit environmental impact, cost effectiveness, and energy savings. Furthermore, because CAMs comprise a remarkable portion of industrial waste (the disposal of which consumes virgin lands), they are attractive to road and highway authorities. The primary aim of this investigation is to develop new cold rolled asphalt (CRA) with the same gradation as hot rolled asphalt (HRA), which is usually used as a surface course in the U.K., and to improve its mechanical properties and durability by using waste and by-product materials as mineral fillers and additives. Waste fly ash (WFA) was used as a replacement for conventional mineral filler and a by-product silica fume (SF) was used as an additive to enhance the mechanical properties and durability of CRA containing WFA. The experimental results have shown that WFA significantly improves the mechanical properties and durability of CRA. On the other hand, the addition of SF enhances the initial strength, long-term strength, and durability. The new CRA mixture has mechanical properties and durability comparable to those of conventional HRA, which demonstrates the feasibility of the use of CRA in heavy road construction.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Asphalt Institute. (1989). “Asphalt cold mix manual.” Manual series 14 (MS-14), Bethesda, MD.
British Standards Institution. (1997). “Part 1: Determination of partical size distribution—Sieving method—Test for geometrical properties of aggregate.” BS EN 933, London.
British Standards Institution. (2004). “Part 26. Bitumenous mixtures—Test methods for hot mix asphalt—Stiffness.” BS EN 12697, London.
British Standards Institution. (2006). “Part 4. Bituminous mixtures materials specification—Hot rolled asphalt.” BS EN 13108, London.
British Standards Institution. (2008). “Part 12. Bituminous mixtures—Test methods for hot mix asphalt—Determination of the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens.” BS EN 12697, London.
British Standards Institution. (2010). “Asphalt for roads and other paved areas—Specification for transport, laying, compaction and type testing protocols.” BS 594987, London.
Cliff, E. B. Z., Barnes, J., and Jones, N. (2004). “Properties of GGBS-bitumen emulsion systems with recycled aggregates.” Road Mater. Pavement Des., 5(3), 373–383.
Head, R. W. (1974). “An informal report of cold mix research using emulsified asphalt as a binder.” Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. Proc. (AAPT).,110–131.
Jerkins, K. (2000). “Mix design considerations for cold and half-warm bitumious mixes with emphasis on foamed asphalt.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Leech, D. (1994). “Cold bituminous materials for use in the structural layers of roads.”, Transportation Research Laboratory, Berkshire, U.K.
Li, G., Zhao, Y., Pang, S., and Huang, W. (1998). “Experimental study of cement-asphalt emulsion composite.” Cement. Concr. Res., 28(5), 635–641.
Milton, L. J., and Earland, M. G. (1999). “Design guide and specification for structural maintenance of highway pavement by cold in-situ recycling.”, TRL Limited, Berkshire, U.K.
Needham, D. (1996). Developments in bitumen emulsion mixtures for roads, Univ. of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.
Nichollas, J. C. (2004). Asphalt surfacings, Taylor and Francis, London.
Nikolaides, A. F. (1994). “New design method for dense cold mixtures.” Proc., 1st European Symp. on Performance and Durability of Bituminous Materials, Univ. of Leeds, Leeds.
Pouliot, N., Marchand, J., and Pigeon, M. (2003). “Hydration mechanism, microstructure, and mechanical properties of mortars prepared with mixed binder cement slurry-asphalt emulsion.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 54–59.
Shakir, A. H. A. N., Atherton, W., and Sharples, G. (2012a). “Green bituminous asphalt relevant for highway and airfield pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater., 31., 243–250.
Shakir, A. H. A. N., Atherton, W., and Sharples, G. (2012b). “Mechanical properties of an upgrading cold mix asphalt using waste materials.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 24, 1484–1491.
Surfer [Computer software]. Golden Software, Golden, CO.
Thanaya, I., Forth, P., and Zoorob, S. (2006). “Utilisation of coal ashes in hot and on cold bituminous mixtures.” Int. Coal Ash Technology Conf.
Thanaya, I., Zoorob, S., and Forth, P. (2009). “A laboratory study on cold-mix, cold-lay emulsion mixtures.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng, 162(1), 47–55.
Thanaya, I. N. A. (2003). “Improving the performance of cold bituminous emulsion mixtures (CBEMs) incorporating waste materials.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, U.K.
Wang, Z. S. A. (2010). “Micro hardness of interface between cement asphalt emulsion mastics and aggregates.” Mater. Struct., 43(4), 453–461.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 26 • Issue 3 • March 2014
Pages: 536 - 543
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 8, 2013
Accepted: Apr 16, 2013
Published online: Apr 18, 2013
Discussion open until: Sep 18, 2013
Published in print: Mar 1, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.