Influence of Fly Ash and GGBFS in Laterized Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 26, Issue 3
Abstract
Concrete made with laterite aggregate, a marginal material, is used for fire protection applications. Using mineral admixtures in laterized concrete makes it more sustainable. This paper studies the physical and mechanical properties of laterized concrete with fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as mineral admixtures after the concrete was exposed to elevated temperatures. Specimens were heated to 200°C, 400°C, and 600°C using an electrical furnace. The rate of increase in the furnace temperature was kept in line with the standard temperature rise—time curve. Specimens were cooled to room temperature through air cooling and water cooling and were tested at ambient temperature. The available equations to predict the compressive and flexural strength of concrete were observed not to apply to laterized concrete, particularly at temperatures higher than 400°C. Hence, lower bound equations were proposed to predict the strength properties of laterized concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. Thus, laterized concrete with mineral admixtures (fly ash and GGBFS) is a promising economical and sustainable material that shows better physical and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures as against conventional concrete and has resistance against the development of thermal cracks up to an exposure temperature of 800°C.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was carried out under a project sponsored by the All India Council of Technical Education, New Delhi, India, under Research Promotion Scheme (F.No: 8023/BOR/RID/RPS-5/2007-08).
References
Akpokodje, E. G., and Hudec, P. P. (1992a). “Factors controlling the properties and durability of concretionary laterite gravel aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 4(1), 58–70.
Akpokodje, E. G., and Hudec, P. (1992b). “Properties of concretionary laterite gravel concrete.” Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 46(1), 45–50.
Antiohos, S. K., Papadakis, V. G., Chaniotakis, E., and Tsimas, S. (2007). “Improving the performance of ternary blended cements by mixing different types of fly ashes.” Cem. Concr. Res., 37(6), 877–885.
Atis, C. D., and Bilim, C. (2007). “Wet and dry cured compressive strength of concrete containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag.” Build. Environ., 42(8), 3060–3065.
Bazant, P., and Chern, J. C. (1987). “Stress induced thermal and shrinkage strains in concrete.” J. Eng. Mech. ASCE, 113(10), 1493–1511.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). (1979). “Fire resistance test of structures.”, BIS, New Delhi.
Butcher, E. G., and Pranell, A. C. (1983). “Designing for fire safety.” John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Chandrakaran, S., Muhamed, M. T., Nambiar, M. R. M. (1996). “Characteristic behavior of lateritic concrete.” J. Inst. Eng., 77(4), 129–132.
Enuvie, G., Akpokodje, E. G., and Hudec, P. P. (1992). “Factors controlling properties and durability of concretionary laterite gravel aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 58–70.
Hertz, K. D. (2005). “Concrete strength for fire safety design.” Mag. Concr. Res., 57(8), 445–453.
Husem, M. (2006). “The effect of high temperature on compressive and flexural strengths of ordinary and high performance concrete.” Fire Saf. J., 41(2), 155–163.
Ikponmwosa, E. E., and Salau, M. A. (2010). “Effect of heat on laterized concrete.” Maejo Int. J. Sci. Technol., 4(1), 33–42.
ISO. (1999). “ISO: 834-1-Fire-resistant tests-elements of building construction-Part 1: General requirements.” International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Lam, L., Wong, Y. L., and Poon, C. S. (1998). “Effect of fly ash and silica fume on compressive and fracture behaviors of concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 28(2), 271–283.
Lanre, O., and Asce, M. M. (2007). “The influence of weather on the performance of laterized concrete.” J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 2(1), 129–135.
Li, G., and Zhao, X. (2003). “Properties of concrete incorporating fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 25(3), 293–299.
Li, W., and Guo, Z. H (1993). “Experimental investigation on strength and deformation of concrete under high temperature.” J. Build. Struct. (China), 14(1), 8–16.
Lin, C. H., Chen, S. T., and Yang, C. A. (1995). “Repair of fire-damaged reinforced concrete columns.” Struct. J., 92(4), 406–411.
Narayana, S. (2001). “Laterite in Kerala.” Int. Training Course on Materials Design & Production Processes for Low Cost Housing, International Centre for Science and Technology-United Nations Industrial Development Organization (ICS-UNIDO), Italy, 238–244.
Narayana, S. M. V., and Swamy, N. K. (2010). “Effects of micro fine barytes filler on fly ash and fly ash gypsum concretes subjected to elevated temperatures.” J. Struct. Eng., 37(1), 1–7.
Osunade, J. A. (2002a). “Effect of replacement of lateritic soils with granite fines on the compressive and tensile strengths of laterized concrete.” Build. Environ., 37(5), 491–496.
Osunade, J. A. (2002b). “The influence of coarse aggregate and reinforcement on the anchorage bond strength of laterized concrete.” Build. Environ., 37(7), 727–732.
Poon, C. S., Azhar, S., Anson, M., and Wong, Y. L. (2001). “Comparison of strength and durability performance of normal and high-strength pozzolanic concretes at elevated temperatures.” Cem. Concr. Res., 31(9), 1291–1300.
Poon, C. S., Azhar, S., Anson, M., and Wong, Y. L. (2003). “Performance of metakaolin concrete at elevated temperatures.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 25(1), 83–89.
Purkiss, J. A. (2009). “Fire safety engineering design of structures.” Butterworth Heinemann, Elsevier, New Delhi, India.
Raychaudhuri, S. P. (1980). “The occurrence, distribution and management of laterite and lateritic soils.” J. Georges Aubert, 18(3–4), 249–252.
Saafi, M. (2002). “Effect of fire on FRP reinforced concrete members.” Compos. Struct., 58(1), 11–20.
Salau, M. A. (2003). “Long-term deformations of laterized concrete short columns.” Build. Environ., 38(3), 469–477.
Salau, M. A., and Balogun, L. A. (1999). “Shrinkage deformations of laterized concrete.” Build. Environ., 34(2), 165–173.
Shoukry, S. N., William, G. W., Downie, B., and Raid, M. Y. (2011). “Effect of moisture and temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(2), 688–696.
Sideris, K. K. (2007). “Mechanical characteristics of self-consolidating concretes exposed to elevated temperatures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 648–654.
Smith, E. E., and Harmathy, T. Z. (1978). Design of buildings for fire safety, ASTM Special Technical Publication, Boston, MA.
Udoeyo, F. F., Brooks, R., Udo-Inyang, P., and Iwuji, C. (2010). “Residual compressive strength of laterized concrete subjected to elevated temperatures.” Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2(3), 262–267.
Udoeyo, F. F., Iron, U. H., and Odim, O. O. (2006). “Strength performance of laterized concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 20(10), 1047–1062.
Ujhelyi, J. E., and Ibrahim, A. J. (1991). “Hot weather concreting with hydraulic additives.” Cem. Concr. Res., 21(2–3), 345–354.
Varghese, T., and Byju, G. (1993). “Laterite soils: Their distribution, characteristics classification and management.” Science, Technology and Environment Council (STEC), Government of Kerala, India.
Wei, S., Handong, Y., and Binggen, Z. (2003). “Analysis of mechanism on water-reducing effect of fine ground slag, high- calcium fly ash and low-calcium fly ash.” Cem. Concr. Res., 33(8), 1119–1125.
Xiao, J., and Konig, G. (2004). “Study on concrete at high temperature in China–An overview.” Fire Saf. J., 39(1), 89–103.
Zha, X. X. (2003). “Three dimensional non-linear analysis of reinforced concrete members in fire.” Build. Environ., 38(2), 297–307.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 26 • Issue 3 • March 2014
Pages: 411 - 419
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 4, 2012
Accepted: Apr 4, 2013
Published online: Apr 5, 2013
Discussion open until: Sep 5, 2013
Published in print: Mar 1, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.