Identification of the Composite Relaxation Modulus of Asphalt Binder Using AFM Nanoindentation
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 25, Issue 4
Abstract
The use of nanoindentation to study asphalt is aimed at understanding the relationship between properties of asphalt binder at various length scales. A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and nanoindentation is used to determine the relaxation moduli of bimodal and trimodal distributions of asphalt microphases to assess differences between macroscale and composite nanoscale viscoelastic behavior. The relaxation modulus values extracted from age-altered phases of the same asphalts provide important relationships between microstructural changes depicted in AFM images and changes in composite viscoelastic properties obtained from the measurements. This paper provides key information regarding asphalt microrheology, which will yield improved input values for asphalt prediction models and enhanced pavement performance. Based on comparison of the composite viscoelastic properties obtained from this study to values obtained at larger length scales, it is apparent that relaxation modulus values decrease as the length scale increases. This finding serves as the basis for ongoing studies by the authors and other researchers in the areas of asphalt nanomodification, chemical mapping, and modeling of nanodamage using AFM.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the Federal Highway Administration (FHwA) as part of the Asphalt Research Consortium (ARC). The authors would like to confer recognition to Yuqing Zhang, Chris Jones, and Chin Leung of Texas A&M University for their contribution to this study.
References
AASHTO. (2009). "Standard method of test for effect of heat and air on a moving film of asphalt binder (rolling thin-film oven test)." T 240, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2012). "Standard practice for accelerated aging of asphalt binder using a pressurized aging vessel (PAV)." R 28, Washington, DC.
Allen, R. G., Little, D. N., and Bhasin, A. (2012). “Structural characterization of micromechanical properties in asphalt using atomic force microscopy.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 24(10), 1317–1327.
ASTM. (2008). "Standard practice for accelerated aging of asphalt binder using a pressurized aging vessel (PAV)." D6521, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012). "Standard test method for effect of heat and air on a moving film of asphalt (rolling thin-film oven test)." D2872, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bazant, Z. P., and Osman, E. (1976). “Double power law for basic creep of concrete.” Mater. Struct., 9(1), 3–11.
Butt, H., Capella, B., and Kappl, M. (2005). “Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications.” Surf. Sci. Rep., 59(1–6), 1–152.
Cinlar, E., Bazant, Z. P., and Osman, E. M. (1977). “Stochastic process for extrapolating concrete creep.” J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 103(6), 1069–1088.
Costello, B. A. (1997). The use of the method of incomplete creep to assess the resistance to rutting of bituminous materials, TA Instruments Ltd, Bilton Centre, Surrey, England.
Davydov, D., and Jirasek, M. (2007). “Modeling of nanoindentation by a visco-elastic porous model with application to cement paste.”, Dept. of Mechanics, Czech Technical Univ., Prague, Czech Republic.
Domke, J., and Radmacher, M. (1998). “Measuring the elastic properties of thin polymer films with the atomic force microscope.” Langmuir, 14(12), 3286–3291.
Du, B., Tsui, O. K. C., Zhang, Q., and He, T. (2001). “Study of elastic modulus and yield strength of polymer thin films using atomic force microscopy.” Langmuir, 17(11), 3286–3291.
Feng, G., and Ngan, A. H. W. (2002). “Effects of creep and thermal drift on modulus measurement using depth-sensing indentation.” J. Mater. Res., 17(3), 660–668.
Galin, L., Sneddon, I., and Moss, H. (1961). “Contact problems in the theory of elasticity.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Mathematics, School of Physical Sciences and Applied Mathematics, North Carolina State College, Raleigh, NC.
Hashin, Z. (1983). “Analysis of composite materials.” J. Appl. Mech., 50, 481–505.
Hashin, Z., and Shtrikman, S. A. (1963). “A variational approach to the theory of elastic behaviour of multiphase materials.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 11(2), 127–140.
Jager, A., Lackner, R., and Eberhardsteiner, J. (2007a). “Identification of viscoelastic properties by means of nanoindentation taking the real tip geometry into account.” Meccanica, 42(3), 293–306.
Jager, A., Lackner, R., Eisenmenger-Sittner, C., and Blab, R. (2004). “Identification of microstructural components of bitumen by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM).” Proc. Appl. Math. Mech., 4(1), 400–401.
Jager, A., Lackner, R., and Stangl, K. (2007b). “Microscale characterization of bitumen—Back-analysis of viscoelastic properties by means of nanoindentation.” Int. J. Mat. Res., 98(5), 404–413.
Jones, C. A. (2011). “Contact mechanics based on mechanical characterization of Portland cement paste.” Ph.D. thesis, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX.
Jones, C. A., and Grasley, Z. C. (2011). “Short-term creep of cement paste during nanoindentation.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 33(1), 2–8.
Jones, D. R., and Kennedy, T. W. (1992). The asphalt model: Results of the SHRP asphalt research program, Center for Transportation Research, The Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
Kim, J., Roque, R., and Birgisson, B. (2005). “Obtaining creep compliance parameters accurately from static or cyclic creep tests.” J. ASTM Int., 2(8), 179–201.
Kringos, N., Schmets, A., Pauli, T., and Scarpas, T. (2009). “A finite element based chemo-mechanical model to simulate healing of bitumen.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Chemo-mechanics of Bituminous Materials, Delft, Netherlands, 69–75.
Lee, E. H., and Radok, J. R. M. (1960). “The contact problem for viscoelastic bodies.” J. Appl. Mech., 27(3), 438–444.
Loeber, L., Sutton, O., Morel, J., Valleton, J., and Muller, G. (1996). “New direct observations of asphalts and asphalt binders by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.” J. Microsc., 182(1), 32–39.
Lu, X., and Isacsson, U. (2002). “Effect of aging on bitumen chemistry and rheology.” Constr. Build. Mater., 16(1), 15–22.
Magonov, S. N., and Reneker, D. H. (1997). “Characterization of polymer surfaces with atomic force microscopy.” Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 27, 175–222.
Manson, S. S., and Haferd, A. M. (1953). “A linear time-temperature relaxation for extrapolation of creep and stress rupture data.”, Lewis Flight Propulsion Lab, NACA.
Masson, J., Leblond, V., and Margeson, J. (2006). “Bitumen morphologies by phase-detection atomic force microscopy.” J. Microsc., 221(1), 17–29.
Masson, J., Leblond, V., and Margeson, J. (2007). “Low-temperature bitumen stiffness and viscous paraffinic nano- and micro-domains by cryogenic AFM and PDM.” J. Microsc., 227(3), 191–202.
Moeller, G. (2009). “AFM nanoindentation of viscoelastic materials with large end-radius probes.” J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 47(16), 1573–1587.
Mondal, P., Shah, S. P., and Marks, L. D. (2008). “Use of atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation for characterization of cementitious materials at the nanoscale.” ACI SP, 254, 41–56.
Mortazavi, M., and Moulthrop, J. S. (1993). “The SHRP materials reference library.”, The Strategic Highway Research Program, Washington, DC.
Pauli, T., Branthaver, J. F., Robertson, R. E., and Grimes, W. (2001). “Atomic force microscopy investigation of SHRP asphalts.” Symp. on Heavy Oil and Resid Compatibility and Stability, Petroleum Chemistry Division, American Chemical Society, San Diego, 110–114.
Pfeiffer, J. P. H., and Saal, R. N. J. (1940). “Asphaltic bitumen as a colloid system.” J. Phys. Chem., 44(2), 139–149.
Raghavan, D., Van Landingham, M., Gu, X., and Nguyen, T. (2000). “Characterization of heterogeneous regions in polymer systems using tapping mode and force mode atomic force microscopy.” Langmuir, 16(24), 9448–9459.
Reynaud, C., Sommer, F., Quet, C., El Bounia, N., and Minh Duc, T. (2000). “Quantitative determination of Young’s modulus on a biphase polymer system using atomic force microscopy.” Surf. Interface Anal., 30(1), 185–189.
Ryden, N., and Park, C. B. (2006). “Fast simulated annealing inversion of surface waves on pavement using phase-velocity spectra.” Geophys., 71(4), 49–58.
Schapery, R. A. (1965). “A method of viscoelastic stress analysis using elastic solutions.” J. Franklin Inst., 279(4), 260–289.
Sneddon, I. N. (1965). “Relation between load and penetration in axisymmetric Boussinesq problem for punch of arbitrary profile.” Int. J. Eng. Sci., 3(1), 47–57.
Song, H. S., Paulino, G. H., and Buttlar, W. G. (2006). “Influence of the cohesive zone model shape parameter on asphalt concrete fracture behavior.” AIP Conf. Proc., 973, 730–735.
Song, S. H., Wagoner, M. P., Paulino, G. H., and Buttlar, W. G. (2008). “Crack opening displacement parameter in cohesive zone models: Experiment and simulations in asphalt concrete.” Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 31(10), 850–856.
Tarefder, R. A., Zaman, A. M., and Uddin, W. (2010). “Determining hardness and elastic modulus of asphalt by nanoindentation.” Int. J. Geomech., 10(3), 106–116.
Vandamme, M. (2008). “The nanogranular origin of concrete creep: A nanoindentation investigation of microstructure and fundamental properties of calcium—silicate—hydrates.” Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Vandamme, M., and Ulm, F. (2006). “Viscoelastic solutions for conical indentation.” Int. J. Solids Struct., 43(10), 3142–3165.
Vandamme, M., and Ulm, F. (2009). “Nanogranular origin of concrete creep.” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 106(26), 10552–10557.
Van Landingham, M. R., Villarrubia, J. S., Guthrie, W. F., and Meyers, G. F. (2001). “Nanoindentation of polymers: An overview.” Proc., 220th American Chemical Society National Meeting, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Washington, DC, 15–43.
Vasconcelos, K. L. (2010). “Moisture diffusion in asphalt binders and fine aggregate mixtures.” Ph.D. thesis, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 25 • Issue 4 • April 2013
Pages: 530 - 539
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 18, 2012
Accepted: Jun 12, 2012
Published online: Aug 28, 2012
Published in print: Apr 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.