Study of Laboratory Compaction System Variance Using an Automatic Proctor Calibration Device
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 25, Issue 4
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a portable dynamic energy calibrator (PDEC) for mechanical Proctor compaction machines along with an analysis of system variance on a silty sand’s (A-2-4) dry unit weights. The PDEC measures a rammer’s kinetic energy delivered to the sample and the compressive energy retained in the sample. The monitoring system uses a photoelectric gate and impact force sensor attached to the machine. When the rammer mass is included, the system’s impedance can be calculated. Next, 30 Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT)-approved machines throughout the state were tested, and summary statistics (i.e., mean, standard deviation, and so on) of the kinetic and compressive energies of the machines were found. Scatter plots of hammer kinetic energy along with sample energies allowed for identification of poorly functioning machines (e.g., low-impact energies or variations in mold support). Finally, a series of blind modified compaction tests were performed on A-2-4 soil at six labs at dry and wet of optimum. A regression analysis of the mean and variance of dry unit weight as a function of moisture content, kinetic energy, and sample energy was undertaken. Approximately 50% of the measured dry unit weight variance was associated with variance of kinetic energy, sample energy, or sample moisture. The other 50% of the variance was attributed to operator influence (i.e., sample preparation, lift thicknesses, moisture determination, and so on), which was not measured in this study.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Florida Department of Transportation under contract BD-545, No. 77, and support for laboratory testing was provided by the State Materials Office in Gainesville, Florida. The writers thank the private geotechnical firms and their compaction laboratories that participated in this study.
References
AASHTO. (2009). “Moisture density relations of soils using a 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) rammer and a 305 mm (12 in.) drop.”, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2011). “Moisture density relations of soils using a 4.54 kg (10 lb) rammer and a 457 mm (18 in.) drop.”, Washington, DC.
ASTM. (2000). “Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort ( ()).”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2002). “Calibration of laboratory mechanical rammer soil compactors.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM (2012). “Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort ( ()).”, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bloomquist, D., McVay, M., Beriswill, K., and Wasman, S. (2009). “Development of a calibration system for the laboratory Proctor (soil density) mechanical compaction hammer.”, Tallahassee, FL.
Minitab 15.1.20 [Computer software]. State College, PA.
Navidi, W. C. (2006). Statistics for engineers and scientists, 1st Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Palacios, A. (1977). “The theory and measurement of energy transfer during standard penetration test sampling.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Ray, P. N., and Chapman, T. G. (1954). “British standard compaction test for soils: Study of some factors affecting test results.” Geotechnique, 4(4), 169–177.
Sebesta, S., and Liu, W. (2008). “Improving calibration and quality control of Proctor-style laboratory compaction.” Proc., Transportation Research Board 87th Annual Meeting, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1–11.
Sherwood, P. T. (1970). “The reproducibility of the results of soil classification and compaction tests.”, Workingham, UK, 27–37.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 1, 2010
Accepted: May 30, 2012
Published online: Aug 29, 2012
Published in print: Apr 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.