Geotechnical Properties of Waste Excavation Rock in Pavement Subbase Applications
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 24, Issue 7
Abstract
This paper presents the findings of an extensive laboratory investigation on the geotechnical properties of waste excavation rock in pavement subbases. The waste excavation rock used in this study originated from “basalt floaters,” or surface excavation basalt rock (basalt). Traditionally, this material would have been disposed as waste, often into landfill. The engineering properties of the crushed basaltic waste rock were compared with the local road authority specifications to assess its performance as a pavement subbase material. The experimental program was extensive and included tests such as particle size distribution, modified Proctor compaction, particle density, water absorption, California bearing ratio, Los Angeles abrasion loss, pH, organic content, static triaxial, and repeated load triaxial tests. The Los Angeles abrasion loss value obtained indicated that the crushed basaltic waste rock is durable. California bearing ratio values were found to satisfy the local state road authority requirements for a subbase material. Repeated load triaxial testing established that the crushed basaltic waste rock would perform satisfactorily as a pavement subbase material in the field. The results of the laboratory testing undertaken in this research indicated that crushed basaltic waste excavation rock satisfied the criteria for use in pavement subbase applications.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (2003). “Standard method of test for determining the resilient modulus of soils and aggregate materials.” T307-99, AASHTO, Washington, DC.
Aatheesan, T., Arulrajah, A., Bo, M. W., Vuong, B., and Wilson, J. (2010). “Crushed brick blends with crushed rock for pavement systems.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Waste Resour. Manage., 163(1), 29–35.
Akbulut, H., and Gurer, C. (2007). “Use of aggregates produced from marble quarry waste in asphalt pavements.” Build. Environ., 42(5), 1921–1930.
Ali, M. M. Y., Arulrajah, A., Disfani, M. M., and Piratheepan, J. (2011). “Suitability of using recycled glass-crushed rock blends in pavement subbase applications.” Geo-Frontiers 2011: Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1325–1334.
Arulrajah, A., Disfani, M. M., Suthagaran, V., and Imteaz, M. (2011a). “Select chemical and engineering properties of wastewater biosolids.” Waste Manage.WAMAE2, 31(12), 2522–2526.
Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J., Aatheesan, T., and Bo, M. W. (2011b). “Geotechnical properties of recycled crushed brick in pavement applications.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng.JMCEE7, 23(10), 1444–1452.
ASTM. (1963). “Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils.” D422, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2004). “Standard test method for consolidated undrained triaxial compression test for cohesive soils.” D4767, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2006). “Standard test method for resistance to degradation of small-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles machine.” C131, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2007). “Standard test methods for moisture, ash, and organic matter of peat and other organic soils.” D2974, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2009). “Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort (()).” D1557, West Conshohocken, PA.
Austroads. (2000). “Austroads repeated load triaxial test method: Determination of permanent deformation and resilient modulus characteristics of unbound granular materials under drained conditions.” Rep. AG-PT/T053, Sydney, Australia.
Bennert, T., Papp, W. J., and Gucunski, N. (2000). “Utilization of construction and demolition debris under traffic-type loading in base and subbase applications.” Transportation Research Record 1714, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 33–39.
British Standards Institution (BSI). (2000). “Method for determination of particle shape; flakiness index.” BS 812-105.1, London.
Clean Washington Center. (1998). “A tool kit for the use of post-consumer glass as a construction aggregate.” Rep. No. GL-97-5, Washington, DC.
Courard, L., Michel, F., and Delhez, P. (2010). “Use of concrete road recycled aggregates for roller compacted concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 24(3), 390–395.
Debieb, F., and Kenai, S. (2008). “The use of coarse and fine crushed bricks as aggregate in concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater.CBUMEZ, 22(5), 886–893.
Disfani, M. M., Arulrajah, A., Bo, M. W., and Hankour, R. (2011). “Recycled crushed glass in road work applications.” Waste Manage.WAMAE2, 31(11), 2341–2351.
Disfani, M. M., Arulrajah, A., Bo, M. W., and Sivakugan, N. (2012). “Environmental risks of using recycled crushed glass in road applications.” J. Cleaner Prod.JCROE8, 20(1), 170–179.
Graaff, R. V. D., and Wootton, C. (1996). “Melbourne Soils.” Land Care Notes, Dept. of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne, Australia.
Gregory, R. J., Hughes, T. G., and Kwan, A. S. K. (2004). “Brick recycling and reuse.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Eng. Sustainability, 157(3), 155–161.
Grubb, D. G., Gallagher, P. M., Wartman, J., Liu, Y., and Carnivale, M. C. (2006). “Laboratory evaluation of crushed glass-dredged material blends.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.JGGEFK, 132(5), 562–576.
Hoyos, L. R., Puppala, A. J., and Ordonez, C. A. (2011). “Characterization of cement fiber-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates: Preliminary investigation.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng.JMCEE7, 23(7), 977–989.
Khalaf, F. M., and DeVenney, A. S. (2005). “Properties of new and recycled clay brick aggregates for use in concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng.JMCEE7, 17(4), 456–464.
McKelvey, D., Sivakumar, V., Bell, A., and McLaverty, G. (2002). “Shear strength of recycled construction materials intended for use in vibro ground improvement.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv., 6(2), 59–68.
Nunes, M. C. M., Bridges, M. G., and Dawson, A. R. (1996). “Assessment of secondary materials for pavement construction: Technical and environmental aspects.” Waste Manage.WAMAE2, 16(1–3), 87–96.
Papagiannakis, A. T., and Masad, E. A. (2007). Pavement design and materials, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Poon, C. S., and Chan, D. (2006). “Feasible use of recycled concrete aggregates and crushed clay brick as unbound road sub-base.” Constr. Build. Mater.CBUMEZ, 20(8), 578–585.
Puppala, A. J., Hoyos, L. R., and Potturi, A. K. (2011). “Resilient moduli response of moderately cement-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng.JMCEE7, 23(7), 990–998.
Rodgers, M., Hayes, G., and Healy, M. G. (2009). “Cyclic loading tests on sandstone and limestone shale aggregates used in unbound forest roads.” Constr. Build. Mater.CBUMEZ, 23(6), 2421–2427.
Saride, S., Puppala, A. J., and Williammee, R. (2010). “Assessing recycled/secondary materials as pavement bases.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv., 163(1), 3–12.
Sivakugan, N., Arulrajah, A., and Bo, M. W. (2011). Laboratory testing of soils, rocks and aggregates, 1st Ed., J. Ross Publishing, Fort Lauderdale, FL.
Sobhan, K., and Krizek, R. J. (1998). “Resilient properties and fatigue damage in stabilized recycled aggregate base course material.” Transportation Research Record 1611, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 98-0157, 28–36.
Standards Association of Australia (SAA). (1996). “Method for sampling and testing aggregates—Particle size distribution by sieving.” AS 1141.11-1996, North Sydney, Australia.
Standards Association of Australia (SAA). (1997). “Soil chemical tests—Determination of the pH value of a soil—Electrometric method.” AS 1289.4.3.1-1997, North Sydney, Australia.
Standards Association of Australia (SAA). (1998). “Determination of the California bearing ratio of a soil—Standard laboratory method for a remoulded specimen.” AS 1289.6.1.1-1998, North Sydney, Australia.
Standards Association of Australia (SAA). (2000a). “Particle density and water absorption of fine aggregate.” AS 1141.5-2000, North Sydney, Australia.
Standards Association of Australia (SAA). (2000b). “Particle density and water absorption of coarse aggregate—Weighing-in-water method.” AS 1141.6.1-2000, North Sydney, Australia.
Standards Association of Australia (SAA). (2001). “Soil strength and consolidation tests—Determination of permeability of a soil—Falling head method for a remoulded specimen.” AS 1289.6.7.2-2001, North Sydney, Australia.
Standards Association of Australia (SAA). (2003). “Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry density/moisture content relation of a soil using modified compactive effort.” AS 1289.5.2.1-2003, North Sydney, Australia.
Sustainability Victoria. (2010). Recycling industry annual survey 2008–2009, Sustainability Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
Taha, R., Al-Harthy, A., Al-Shamsi, K., and Al-Zubeidi, M. (2002). “Cement stabilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate for road bases and subbases.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng.JMCEE7, 14(3), 239–245.
Tam, V. W. Y., and Tam, C. M. (2006). “A review on the viable technology for construction waste recycling.” Resour., Conserv. Recycl.RCREEW, 47(3), 209–221.
Tam, V. W. Y., and Tam, C. M. (2007). “Crushed aggregates production from centralized combined and individual waste sources in Hong Kong.” Constr. Build. Mater., 21(4), 879–886.
Tao, M., Mohammad, L. N., Nazzal, M. D., Zhang, Z., and Wu, Z. (2010). “Application of shakedown theory in characterizing traditional and recycled pavement base materials.” J. Transp. Eng.JTPEDI, 136(3), 214–222.
Wartman, J., Grubb, D. G., and Nasim, A. S. M. (2004). “Select engineering characteristics of crushed glass.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng.JMCEE7, 16(6), 526–539.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 24 • Issue 7 • July 2012
Pages: 924 - 932
Copyright
© 2012. American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 20, 2011
Accepted: Nov 3, 2011
Published online: Nov 5, 2011
Published in print: Jul 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.