Effect of the Water to Binder Ratio and Ground Fly Ash on Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 24, Issue 1
Abstract
This research aims to study the effect of water to binder (W/B) ratio and ground fly ash on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Normal concretes were designed by using Portland cement type I with W/B ratios of 0.45, 0.55, and 0.65. Recycled aggregate concretes were made by using recycled aggregate to fully replace crushed limestone in the mix proportion of the normal concretes. Ground fly ash was also used as a partial replacement of Portland cement type I at 20, 35, and 50% by weight of binder in order to improve the properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Compressive strength and water permeability of recycled aggregate concretes were determined at 28 and 90 days. In addition, the modulus of elasticity of concrete was investigated. The results showed that the use of ground fly ash to replace cement in recycled aggregate concrete could improve the compressive strength to be higher than that of concrete without ground fly ash at the same W/B ratio. Ground fly ash could be used throughout to replace cement up to 35% by weight of binder for recycled aggregate concrete with W/B ratio of 0.45 and should not exceed 20% for recycled aggregate concretes with W/B ratios of 0.55 and 0.65. For the same compressive strength, the modulus of elasticity of recycled aggregate concrete with and without ground fly ash was lower than that of normal concrete by about 16–20%. Moreover, the use of ground fly ash to replace cement in recycled aggregate concrete was more effective for reducing the water permeability coefficient than the reduction of the W/B ratio.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Office of the Higher Education Commission, Thailand, for support from a grant through the Strategic Scholarships for Frontier Research Network for the Joint Ph.D. Program Thai Doctoral degree for this research. Thanks also extend to the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) for the financial support under the TRF Senior Research Scholar, Grant No. UNSPECIFIEDRTA5380002.
References
Abdelgader, H. S., and Gorski, J. (2003). “Stress-strain relations and modulus of elasticity of two-stage concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 15(4), 329–334.
American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee. (2005a). “Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-05) and commentary (ACI 318R-05).” ACI 318, Detroit, 430.
American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee. (2005b). “Standard practice for selecting proportions for normal, heavyweight, and mass concrete (ACI 211.1-91).” ACI 211.1, Detroit, 38.
Ann, K. Y., Moon, H. Y., Kim, Y. B., and Ryou, J. (2008). “Durability of recycled aggregate concrete using pozzolanic materials.” Waste Manage., 28(6), 993–999.
Barra de Oliveira, M., and Vazquez, E. (1996). “The influence of retained moisture in aggregates from recycling on the properties of new hardened concrete.” Waste Manage., 16(1–3), 113–117.
Berndt, M. L. (2009). “Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash, slag, and recycled aggregate concrete aggregate.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(7), 2606–2613.
Building Contractors Society of Japan. (1998). “Study on recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete.” Committee on Disposal and Reuse of Concrete Construction Waste, Summary in Concrete Journal, Japan, 16(7), 18–31.
Chalee, W., Ausapanit, P., and Jaturapitakkul, C. (2010). “Utilization of fly ash concrete in marine environment for long term design.” Mater. Des., 31(3), 1242–1249.
Chan, W. W. J., and Wu, C. M. L. (2000). “Durability of concrete with high cement replacement.” Cem. Concr. Res., 30(6), 865–879.
Cheerarot, R., and Jaturapitakkul, C. (2004). “A study of disposed fly ash from landfill to replace Portland cement.” Waste Manage., 24(7), 701–709.
Chindaprasirt, P., Homwuttiwong, S., and Jaturapitakkul, C. (2007). “Strength and permeability of concrete containing palm oil fuel ash and rice hush-bark ash.” Constr. Build. Mater., 21(7), 1492–1499.
Chindaprasirt, P., Jaturapitakkul, C., and Sinsiri, T. (2005). “Effect of fly ash fineness on compressive strength and pore size of blended cement paste.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 27(4), 425–428.
Chusilp, N., Jaturapitakkul, C., and Kiattikomol, K. (2009). “Utilization of bagasse ash as a pozzolanic material in concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(11), 3352–3358.
Concrete Society. (1987). “Permeability testing of site concrete: A review of method and experience.” Concrete Society, Rep. No. 31.
Gonzalez-Fonteboa, B., and Martinez-Abella, F. (2008). “Concrete with aggregates from demolition waste and silica fume: Materials and mechanical properties.” Build. Environ., 43(4), 429–437.
Hansen, T. C., and Boegh, E. (1985). “Elasticity and drying shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete.” J. Am. Concr. Inst., 82(5), 648–652.
Hansen, T. C., and Narud, H. (1983). “Strength of recycled concrete made from crushed concrete coarse aggregate.” Concr. Int. Des. Constr., 5(1), 79–83.
Hearn, N., Detwiler, R. J., and Sframeli, C. (1994). “Water permeability and microstructure of three old concretes.” Cem. Concr. Res., 24(4), 633–640.
Jaturapitakkul, C., Kiattikomol, K., Sata, V., and Leekeeratikul, T. (2004). “Use of ground coarse fly ash as a replacement of condensed silica fume in producing high-strength concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 34(4), 549–555.
Katz, A. (2003). “Properties of concrete made with recycled aggregate from partially hydrated old concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 33(5), 703–711.
Khamklai, S. (2009). “A study water permeability and expansion of recycled aggregate concrete containing ground palm oil fuel ash.” M.E. thesis, Civil Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Univ. of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand, 129.
Khatri, R. P., and Sirivivatnanon, V. (1997). “Methods for the determination of water permeability of concrete.” ACI Mater. J., 94(3), 257–261.
Kiattikomol, K., Jaturapitakkul, C., Songpiriyakij, S., and Chutubtim, S. (2001). “A study of ground coarse fly ashes with different finenesses from various sources as pozzolanic materials.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 23(4–5), 335–343.
Lam, L., Wong, Y. L., and Poon, C. S. (2000). “Degree of hydration and gel/space ratio of high-volume fly ash/cement systems.” Cem. Concr. Res., 30(5), 747–756.
Levy, S. M., and Helene, P. (2004). “Durability of recycled aggregates concrete a safe way to sustainable development.” Cem. Concr. Res., 34(11), 1975–1980.
Neville, A. M. (1997). “Aggregate bond and modulus of elasticity of concrete.” ACI Mater. J., 94(1), 71–74.
Nixon, P. J. (1978). “Recycled concrete as an aggregate for concrete—A review.” Mater. Struct., 11(5), 371–378.
Otsuki, N., Miyazato, S., and Yodsudjai, W. (2003). “Influence of recycled aggregate on interfacial transition zone, strength chloride penetration and carbonation of concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 15(5), 443–451.
Payá, J., Monzó, J., Peris-Mora, E., Borrachero, M. V., Tercero, R., and Pinillos, C. (1995). “Early-strength development of Portland cement mortars containing air classified fly ash.” Cem. Concr. Res., 25(2), 449–456.
Poon, C. S., Shui, Z. H., and Lam, L. (2004). “Effect of microstructure of ITZ on compressive strength of concrete prepared with recycled aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater., 18(6), 461–468.
Ravindrarajah, R. S., Loo, Y. H., and Tam, C. T. (1987). “Recycled concrete as fine and coarse aggregates in concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res., 39(141), 214–220.
Ravindrarajah, R. S., and Tam, C. T. (1985). “Properties of concrete made with crushed concrete as coarse aggregate.” Mag. Concr. Res., 37(130), 29–38.
Salem, R. M., Burdette, E. G., and Jackson, N. M. (2003). “Resistance to freezing and thawing of recycled aggregate concrete.” ACI Mater. J., 100(3), 216–230.
Shayan, A., and Xu, A. (2003). “Performance and properties of structural concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate.” ACI Mater. J., 100(5), 371–380.
Slanicka, S. (1991). “The influence of fly ash fineness on the strength of concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 21(2/3), 285–296.
Tam, W. Y. V., Gao, X. F., and Tam, C. M. (2005). “Micro-structural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete produced from two-stage mixing approach.” Cem. Concr. Res., 35(6), 1195–1203.
Tangchirapat, W., Buranasing, R., and Jaturapitakkul, C. (2010). “Use of high fineness of fash to improve properties of recycled aggregate concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 22(6), 565–571.
Tangchirapat, W., Buranasing, R., Jaturapitakkul, C., and Chindaprasirt, P. (2008). “Influence of rice husk-bark ash on mechanical properties of concrete containing high amount of recycled aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater., 22(8), 1812–1819.
Tippiriyapong, W., Homwuttiwong, S., Jaturapitakkul, C., and Pattrarawongpaibool, A. (2007). “Effect of bagasse ash on water permeability of concrete.” Proc. of the 12th National Convention on Civil Engineering, Engineering Institute of Thailand, Phitsanulok, Thailand, MAT 15 (on CD).
Topcu, I. B., and Sengel, S. (2004). “Properties of concrete produced with waste concrete aggregate.” Cem. Concr. Res., 34(8), 1307–1312.
World Business Council for Sustainable Development. (2009). Cement sustainability initiative. Recycling concrete, North America Office, Washington, DC, 40.
Zaharieva, R., Buyle-Bodin, F., Skoczylas, F., and Wirquin, E. (2003). “Assessment of the surface permeation properties of recycled aggregate concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 25(2), 223–232.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 24 • Issue 1 • January 2012
Pages: 16 - 22
Copyright
© 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 20, 2010
Accepted: Jul 1, 2011
Published online: Jul 4, 2011
Published in print: Jan 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.