Influence of the Thermophysical Properties of Pavement Materials on the Evolution of Temperature Depth Profiles in Different Climatic Regions
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 24, Issue 1
Abstract
The paper summarizes the relative influence of different pavement thermophysical properties on the thermal response of pavement cross sections and how their relative behavior changes in different climatic regions. A simplified one-dimensional (1D) heat-flow modeling tool was developed to achieve this by using a finite difference solution method for studying the dynamic temperature profile within pavement constructions. This approach allows for a wide variety and for daily varying climatic conditions to be applied, where limited or historic thermophysical material properties are available, and permits the thermal behavior of the pavement layers to be accurately modeled and modified. The model was used with available thermal pavement materials properties and with properties determined specifically for the study reported in this paper. The pavement materials included in the study comprised both conventional bituminous and cementicious mixes and unconventional mixtures that allowed a wide range of densities, thermal conductivities, specific heat capacities, and thermal diffusivities to be investigated. Initially, the model was validated against in situ pavement data collected in the United States in five widely differing climatic regions. It was found to give results at least as good as others available from more computationally expensive approaches such as two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite-element (FE) commercial packages. The model was then used to compute the response for the same locations where the thermal properties had been changed by using some of the unconventional pavement materials. This revealed that reduction of the temperature range by several degrees was easily possible (with implications for reduction of rutting, fatigue, and the urban heat island effect) and that depth of penetration of peak temperatures was also achievable (with implications for winter freeze and thaw). However, the results showed that there was little opportunity to displace the peak temperatures in time.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers wish to acknowledge the financial support of this research by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)EPSRC-GB and East Midlands Airport. In addition, the writers wish to thank Robert Armitage and Daru Wityakamoto of the Scott Wilson Company and Ayumi Hatakeyama, Dr. David Allinson, and Peter Phillips at the University of Nottingham for their technical support, input, and advice.
References
Asaeda, T., and Wake, V. T. C. (1996). “Heat storage of pavement and its effect on the lower atmosphere.” Atmos. Environ., 30(3), 413–427.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). (1995). Commercial/institutional ground source heat pump engineering manual, Atlanta.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). (2007). “Energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings.” 90.1-2007, Atlanta.
Banks, D. (2008). An introduction to thermogeology: Ground source heating and cooling, Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
Bentz, D. P. (2000). “A computer model to predict the surface temperature and time of wetness of concrete pavements and bridge decks.” NISTIR 6551, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, DC.
Brandl, H. (2006). “Energy foundations and other thermo-active ground structures.” Geotechnique, 56(2), 81–122.
Bretz, S., Akbari, H., and Rosenfeld, A. H. (1998). “Practical issues for using solar-reflective materials to mitigate urban heat islands.” Atmos. Environ., 32(1), 95–101.
British Standards Institute (BSI). (2002). “Aggregates for concrete.” BS EN 12620:2002, London.
British Standards Institute (BSI). (2005). “Coated macadam (asphalt concrete) for roads and other paved areas—Specification for constituent materials and for mixtures.” BS 4987-1:2005, London.
Carder, D. R., Barker, K. J., Hewitt, M. G., Ritter, D., and Kiff, A. (2007). “Performance of an inter-seasonal heat transfer facility for collection, storage, and re-use of solar heat from the road surface.” Published Project Rep. PPR 302, Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), Wokingham, Berkshire, UK.
CES Edupack [Computer software]. Granta Design, Cambridge, UK.
Chadbourn, B. A., Luoma, J. A., Newcomb, D. E., and Voller, V. R. (1996). “Consideration of hot-mix asphalt thermal properties during compaction.” STP 1299, ASTM, Philadelphia, 127–146.
Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) (2006). Guide A: Environmental design, 7th Ed., London.
Chen, B. L., Bhowmick, S., and Mallick, R. B. (2008). “Harvesting energy from asphalt pavements and reducing the heat island effect.” 〈http://users.wpi.edu/~rajib/Draft-2White-Paper-on-Reduce-Harvest-Heat-from-Pavements-Nov-2008.pdf〉 (Jan. 20, 2011).
Chiasson, A. D., Spitler, J. D., Rees, S. J., and Smith, M. D. (2000). “A model for simulating the performance of a pavement heating system as a supplemental heat rejecter with closed-loop ground-source heat pump systems.” J. Sol. Energy Eng., 122(4), 183–191.
Choubane, B., and Tia, M. (1992). “Nonlinear temperature gradient effect on maximum warping stresses in rigid pavements.” Transportation Research Record 1370, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 11–19.
Côté, J., and Konrad, J. M. (2005). “Thermal conductivity of base-course materials.” Can. Geotech. J., 42(2), 443–458.
Daiutolo, H. (2003). “Control of slab curling in rigid pavements at the FAA National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF).” 〈http://www.airtech.tc.faa.gov/NAPTF/Downloads/CC2%20Curling%20APT08.pdf〉 (Jan. 20, 2011).
de Bondt, A. H. (2003). “Generation of energy via asphalt pavement surfaces.” 〈http://www.roadenergysystems.nl/pdf/Fachbeitrag%20in%20OIB %20%20de%20Bondt%20-%20English%20version%2013-11-2006.pdf〉 (Jan. 20, 2011).
Delatte, N. (2008). Concrete pavement design, construction, and performance, Taylor and Francis, London.
Dempsey, B. J., and Thompson, M. R. (1970). “A heat-transfer model for evaluating frost action temperature-related effects in multilayered pavement system.” Transportation Research Record 342, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 39–56.
Diefenderfer, B. K., Al-Qadi, I. L., and Reubush, S. D. (2002). “Prediction of daily temperature profile in flexible pavements.” Proc., Transportation Research Board 81st Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
Gui, J., Phelan, P. E., Kaloush, K. E., and Golden, J. S. (2007). “Impact of pavement thermophysical properties on surface temperatures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 19(8), 683–690.
Hall, M., and Allinson, D. (2008). “Assessing the moisture-content dependent parameters of stabilised earth materials using the cyclic-response admittance method.” Energy Build., 40(11), 2044–2051.
Hall, M., and Allinson, D. (2009). “Assessing the effects of soil grading on the moisture content-dependent thermal conductivity of stabilised rammed earth materials.” Appl. Therm. Eng., 29(4), 740–747.
Hermansson, A. (2000). “Simulation model for calculating pavement temperatures, including maximum temperature.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1699(1), 134–141.
Hermansson, A. (2004). “Mathematical model for paved surface summer and winter temperature: Comparison of calculated and measured temperatures.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 40(1–2), 1–17.
Holman, J. P. (2002). Heat transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Hunter, R., ed. (2003). The shell bitumen handbook, Thomas Telford, London.
Incropera, F. P., De Witt, D. P., Bergman, T. L., and Lavine, A. S. (2007). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, 6th Ed., Wiley, Chichester, UK.
ISO. (1996). “Thermal insulation—Determination of steady-state thermal resistance and related properties—Heat flow meter apparatus.” 8301:1996, Geneva.
Keikha, P., Hall, M. R., and Dawson, A. R. (2010). “Concrete pavements as a source of heating and cooling.” Proc., 11th Int. Symp. on Concrete Roads, 13–15 October, Seville, Spain.
Lamond, J. F., and Pielert, J. H., eds. (2006). “Significance of test and properties of concrete and concrete-making materials.” STP 169D, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
Lienhard, I. V., and Lienhard, V. (2006). A heat transfer text book, Phlogiston, Cambridge, UK.
Luca, J., and Mrawira, D. (2005). “New measurement of thermal properties of superpave asphalt concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 17(1), 72–79.
Marshall, C., Meier, R. W., and Welsh, M. (2001). “Seasonal temperature effects on flexible pavements in Tennessee.” Proc., Transportation Research Board 80th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
McCullough, B. F., and Rasmussen, R. O. (1998). “Fast track paving: Concrete temperature control and traffic opening criteria for bonded concrete overlays.” Vol. I, Final Rep., Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Washington, DC.
Mehta, P. K., and Monteiro, P. J. M. (2006). Concrete: Microstructure, properties, and materials, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK.
Minhoto, M. J. C., Pais, J. C., Pereira, P. A. A., and Picado-Santos, L. G. (2005). “Predicting asphalt pavement temperature with a three-dimensional finite element method.” Transp. Res. Rec., 96–110.
Ministry of Defence: Defence Estates. (2006). A guide to airfield pavement design and evaluation, 2nd Ed., Sutton, Coldfield, UK.
Mohseni, A., and Symons, M. (1998). “Improved AC pavement temperature models from LTPP seasonal data.” Proc., Transportation Research Board 77th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
Mrawira, D., and Luca, J. (2002). “Thermal properties and transient temperature response of full-depth asphalt pavement.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1809(1), 160–171.
Mrawira, D., and Luca, J. (2006). “Effect of aggregate type, gradation, and compaction level on thermal properties of hot-mix asphalts.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 33(11), 1410–1417.
Niro, N., Shigenobu, M., Nishiwaki, M., and Takeuchi, M. (2009). “Numerical simulation of snow melting on pavement surface with heat dissipation pipe embedded.” Heat Transfer—Asian Res., 38(5), 313–329.
Palyvos, J. A. (2008). “A survey of wind convection coefficient correlations for building envelope energy systems’ modelling.” Appl. Therm. Eng., 28(8–9), 801–808.
Ramadhan, R. H., and Wahhab, H. I. A. (1997). “Temperature variation of flexible and rigid pavements in eastern Saudi Arabia.” Build. Environ., 32(4), 367–373.
Ramsey, J. W., Chiang, H. D., and Goldstein, R. J. (1982). “A study of the incoming longwave atmospheric radiation from a clear sky.” J. Appl. Meteorol., 21, 566–578.
RETScreen. (2005). “Clean energy project analysis: RETScreen engineering & cases textbook.” 〈http://www.retscreen.net/ang/home.php〉 (Jan. 20, 2011).
Rosenfeld, A. H., Akbari, H., Romm, J. J., and Pomerantz, M. (1998). “Cool communities: Strategies for heat island mitigation and smog reducation.” Energy Build., 28(1), 51–62.
Solaimanian, M., and Bolzan, P. (1993). “Analysis of the integrated model of climatic effects on pavements.” Technical Rep. SHRP-A-637, Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
Solaimanian, M., and Kennedy, T. W. (1993). “Predicting maximum pavement surface temperature using maximum air temperature and hourly solar radiation.” Transportation Research Record 1417, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1–11.
Underwood, C. P., and Yik, F. W. H. (2004). Modelling methods for energy in buildings.” Blackwell, Oxford UK.
U.S. Dept. of Transportation (USDOT)—Federal Transportation Administration. (2009). “LTPP Seasonal Monitoring Programme (SMP): Pavement Performance Database (PPDB).” Standard Data Release 23.0, Washington, DC.
van Bijsterveld, W. T., and de Bondt, A. H. (2002). “Structural aspects of asphalt pavement heating and colling systems.” Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. on 3D Finite Element Modelling, Design and Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Vehrencamp, J. E. (1953). “Experimental investigation of heat transfer at an air-earth interface.” Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 34, 22–30.
Yavuzturk, C., Ksaibati, K., and Chiasson, A. D. (2005). “Assessment of temperature fluctuations in asphalt pavements due to thermal environmental conditions using a two-dimensional, transient finite-difference approach.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 17(4), 465–475.
Yun, T. S., and Santamarina, J. C. (2007). “Fundamental study of thermal conduction in dry soils.” Granular Matter, 10(3), 197–207.
Zapata, C. E., and Houston, W. N. (2008). “Calibration and validation of the enhanced integrated climatic model for pavement design.” NCHRP Report 602, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 24 • Issue 1 • January 2012
Pages: 32 - 47
Copyright
© 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 1, 2010
Accepted: Jun 28, 2011
Published online: Jun 30, 2011
Published in print: Jan 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.