Effect of External Loads on Chloride Transport in Concrete
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 23, Issue 7
Abstract
Although the ingress of chloride into concrete is normally controlled by absorption and diffusion mechanisms, external loads can affect this process by modifying the microstructure of concrete. To predict the chloride ingress into real structures under service conditions, the effects of external loads on the chloride transport should be considered. In this paper, the effects of compressive and flexural loads on chloride transport were studied. The experimental results indicated that the chloride concentration and apparent chloride diffusion coefficient decreased with the increase of the compressive stress, up to 55% of the compressive strength, and they increased with the increase of the flexural stress. On the basis of these results, a model for predicting the chloride diffusion process under different loading conditions is established by accounting for various parameters, such as stress level, water-cement ratio, curing time, temperature, concrete age, humidity, and chloride diffusion coefficient. The validation of the proposed model indicated good correlation between the predicted chloride diffusion coefficients and the experimental results.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. NSFC50908103 and Grant No. NSFC50809061), National 863 Technology Project of China (Grant No. UNSPECIFIED2007AA04Z437), and the China Education Ministry (Grant No. UNSPECIFIED200803351117) in carrying out this research. The support of this study by Professor Ronggui Liu at Jiangsu University is greatly appreciated.
References
Ababneh, A., Benboudjema, F., and Xi, Y. (2003). “Chloride penetration in nonsaturated concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 15(2), 183–191.
Aldea, C. M., Ghandehari, M., Shah, S. P., and Karr, A. (2000). “Estimation of water flow through cracked concrete under load.” ACI Mater. J., 97(5), 567–575.
Aldea, C. M., Shah, S. P., and Karr, A. (1999a). “Effect of cracking on water and chloride permeability of concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 11(3), 181–187.
Aldea, C. M., Shah, S. P., and Karr, A. (1999b). “Permeability of cracked concrete.” Mater. Struct., 32(5), 370–376.
Bentz, E. C., and Thomas, M. D. A. (2001). Life-365: Service life prediction model and computer program for predicting the service life and life-cycle costs of reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides, American Concrete Institute, Cleveland, 7–11.
DuraCrete. (2000). “Probabilistic performance based durability design of concrete structures.” Document BE95-1347/R17, CUR Bouw and Infra, Gouda, Netherlands.
Gowripalan, N., Sirivivatnanon, V., and Lim, C. C. (2000). “Chloride diffusivity of concrete cracked in flexure.” Cem. Concr. Res., 30(5), 725–730.
Hoseini, M., Bindiganavile, V., and Banthia, N. (2009). “The effect of mechanical stress on permeability of concrete: A review.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 31, 213–220.
Lawler, J. S., Zampini, D., and Shah, S. P. (2002). “Permeability of cracked hybrid fiber reinforced mortar under load.” ACI Mater. J., 99(4), 379–385.
Lim, C. C., Gowripalan, N., and Sirivivatnanon, V. (2000). “Microcracking and chloride permeability of concrete under uniaxial compression.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 22(5), 353–360.
Mehta, P. K., and Monteiro, P. J. M. (2006). “Microstructure and properties of hardened concrete.” Concrete: Microstructure, properties and materials, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 41–80.
Ministry of Communications of China (MCC). (1998). “Testing code of concrete for port and waterway engineering.” JTJ 270-98, Beijing.
Ministry of Construction of China and State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision of China (SBQTSC). (2002). “Code for design of concrete structures.” GB50010-2002, Beijing.
Saito, M., and Ishimori, H. (1995). “Chloride permeability of concrete under static and repeated compressive loading.” Cem. Concr. Res., 25(4), 803–808.
Samaha, H. R., and Hover, K. C. (1992). “Influence of microcracking on the mass transport properties of concrete.” ACI Mater. J., 89(4), 416–424.
Samson, E., and Marchand, J. (2007). “Modeling the transport of ions in unsaturated cement-based materials.” Comput. Struct., 85(23-24), 1740–1756.
Shi, C. (2004). “Effect of mixing proportions of concrete on its electrical conductivity and the rapid chloride permeability test (ASTM C1202 or AASHTO T277) results.” Cem. Concr. Res., 34, 537–545.
State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision of China (SBQTSC). (1999). “Portland cement and ordinary portland cement.” GB175-1999, Beijing.
Wang, K., Jansen, D. C., and Shah, S. P. (1997). “Permeability study of cracked concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 27(3), 381–393.
Xi, Y., and Bazant, Z. P. (1999). “Modeling chloride penetration in saturated concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 11(1), 58–65.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 23 • Issue 7 • July 2011
Pages: 1043 - 1049
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 7, 2010
Accepted: Jan 3, 2011
Published online: Jan 5, 2011
Published in print: Jul 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.