Evaluation of Rate of Deformation for Early-Age Concrete Shrinkage Analysis and Time Zero Determination
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 23, Issue 7
Abstract
Early age cracking is usually the result of internal tensile stresses induced by self-desiccation shrinkage (SDS) rather than external loading. Hence, the prediction of early age cracking risk is strongly linked to autogenous shrinkage development. Both the ultimate magnitude of shrinkage and the time zero (TZ), at which shrinkage starts to develop an internal stress, could be decisive for high-performance concrete (HPC) durability. The moment TZ can be considered as the borderline between autoplastic shrinkage and effective shrinkage. Deformation rate curves might be used as a framework to identify the three main phases of hardening that occur in cement paste as hydration progresses, and the development rate of autogenous shrinkage (AS). The present study proposes starting shrinkage measurement (autogenous or total) from the moment when the rate of deformation reaches its maximum value (the first peak in the curve) and the shrinkage strain rate curve pattern changes sharply, or at the end of plastic-shrinkage. To determine the TZ with more accuracy and predict the critical moment when internal stresses may start to develop, continuous shrinkage measurement was carried out on different HPC mixtures designed with three water-to-binder ratios () of 0.26, 0.30, and 0.35, using three binder types. Results have shown that the rate of deformation development at an early age would be a reliable method to distinguish the three main phases of cement hydration reaction: liquid, semiliquid/transition, and hardened. The rate of deformation evolution may also indicate the moment when shrinkage strains evolve quickly and start to build up an internal tensile stress that could lead to cracking. The new method proposed, based on the development of the rate of deformation, has revealed itself to be highly efficient for adequate determination of TZ and could be used for all concrete types independently of specimen size.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Aïtcin, P.-C. (1999). “Autogenous shrinkage measurement.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Autogenous Shrinkage of Concrete (Autoshrink ‘98), E. I. Tazawa, ed., Spon, London.
Altoubat, S. A., and Lange, D. A. (2001). “Tensile basic creep: Measurement and behavior at early age.” ACI Mater. J., 98(5), 386–393.
ASTM. (1999). “Standard test method for time of setting of concrete mixtures by penetration resistance.” C403-99, West Conshohocken, PA
Bentur, A. (2000). “Early-age shrinkage and cracking in cementitious systems.” , PR017: Proc., Int. RILEM Workshop on Shrinkage of Concrete (Shrinkage 2000), V. Baroghel-Bouny and P.-C. Aïtcin, eds., RILEM, Cachan, France, 1–20.
Bjøntegaard, Ø. (1999). “Thermal dilatation and autogenous deformation as driving forces to self-induced stress in high performance concrete.” Ph.D. thesis, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Byfors, J. (1980). “Plain concrete at early ages.” Rep. 3/80, Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Collepardi, M., Borsoi, A., Collepardi, S., Ogoumah Olagot, J. J., and Troli, R. (2005). “Effects of shrinkage-reducing admixture in shrinkage compensating concrete under nonwet curing conditions.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 27(6), 704–708.
Cusson, D., and Hoogeveen, T. (2007). “An experimental approach for the analysis of early-age behavior of high-performance concrete structures under restrained shrinkage.” Cem. Concr. Res., 37(2), 200–209.
Feylessoufi, A., Cohen Tenoudji, F., Morin, V., and Richard, P. (2001). “Early ages shrinkage mechanisms of ultra-high performance cement-based materials.” Cem. Concr. Res., 31(11), 1573–1579.
Granju, J. L., Sarkis, M., Arnaud, M., and Escadeillas, G. (2004). “Temps zéro de référence pour les mesures de retrait.” Mater. Struct., 37(7), 449–455 (in French).
Japan Concrete Institute (JCI). (1999). “Technical committee on autogenous shrinkage of concrete.” (Committee report). Proc., Int. Workshop on Autogenous Shrinkage of Concrete, E. I. Tazawa, ed., Spon, London, 3–25.
Kada, H., Lachemi, M., Petrov, N., Bonneau, O., and Aïtcin, P. C. (2002). “Determination of the coefficient of thermal expansion of HPC from initial setting.” Mater. Struct., 35(1), 35–41.
Kakuta, S., and Kojima, T. (1991). “Evaluation of very early age concrete using a wave propagation method.” Quality control of concrete structures, L. Taerwe and H. Lambotte, eds., Spon, Ghent, Belgium, 163–172.
Kasai, Y., Yokoyama, K., and Matsui, I. (1972). “Tensile properties of early age concrete.” Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Vol. IV, Society of Materials Science, Kyoto, Japan, 288–299.
Lea, F. M. (1998). Chemistry of cement and concrete, P. C. Hewlett, ed., Chemical Publishing Co., Revere, MA.
Lee, H. K., Lee, K. M., and Kim, B. G. (2003). “Autogenous shrinkage of high-performance concrete containing fly ash.” Mag. Concr. Res., 55(6), 507–515.
Lee, H. K., Lee, K. M., Kim, Y. H., Yim, H., and Bae, D. B. (2004). “Ultrasonic in situ monitoring of setting process of high-performance concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 34(4), 631–640.
Meddah, M. S. (2007). “Contractions volumétriques des bétons à hautes performances: Influence des caractéristiques du réseau de pores.” Ph.D. thesis, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada (in French).
Meddah, M. S., and Sato, R. (2010). “Effect of curing methods on autogenous shrinkage and self-induced stress of high-performance concrete.” ACI Mater. J., 107(1), 65–74.
Meddah, M. S., and Tagnit-Hamou, A. (2008). “Effect of mineral admixtures on shrinkage measured on massive concrete elements.” Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures (CONCREEP8), T. Tanabe, K. Sakata, H. Mihashi, R. Sato, K. Maekawa, and H. Nakamura, eds., Vol. 1, CRC Press, London, 381–386.
Meddah, M. S., and Tagnit-Hamou, A. (2009). “Pore structure of concrete with mineral admixtures and its effect on self-desiccation shrinkage.” ACI Mater. J., 106(3), 241–250.
Meddah, M. S., Aïtcin, P.-C., and Petrov, N. (2006). “New approach for the determination of the starting point of autogenous shrinkage strains measurement.” Proc., 7th CANMET/ACI Int. Conf. on Durability of Concrete, V. M. Malhotra, ed., Vol. SP-234, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 473–484.
Mehta, P. K., and Monteiro, J. M. (1993). Concrete: Microstructure, properties, and materials, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Mindess, S., and Young, J. F. (1981). Concrete, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Østergaard, L., Lange, D. A., Altoubat, S. A., and Stang, H. (2001). “Tensile basic creep of early-age concrete under constant load.” Cem. Concr. Res., 31(12), 1895–1899.
Rapoport, J. R., Popovics, J. S., Subramaniam, V. K., and Shah, S. P. (2000). “Using ultrasound to monitor stiffening process of concrete with admixtures.” ACI Mater. J., 97(6), 675–683.
Reinhardt, H. W., Große, C. U., and Herb, A. T. (2000). “Ultrasonic monitoring of setting and hardening of cement mortar.” Mater. Struct., 33(9), 581–583.
Tazawa, E. I., and Miyazawa, S. (1995). “Influence of cement and admixture on autogenous shrinkage of cement paste.” Cem. Concr. Res., 25(2), 281–287.
Tazawa, E. I., Sato, R., Sakai, E., and Miyazawa, S. (2000). “Work of JCI committee on autogenous shrinkage.”PR017: Proc., Int. RILEM Workshop on Shrinkage of Concrete (Shrinkage 2000), V. Baroghel-Bouny and P.-C. Aïtcin, eds., 21–33.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 19, 2010
Accepted: Dec 27, 2010
Published online: Dec 29, 2010
Published in print: Jul 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.