Evaluating the Resilience of Sustainable Neighborhoods by Exposing LEED Neighborhoods to Future Risks
Publication: Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 24, Issue 4
Abstract
This paper examines Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND), a sustainability rating system for neighborhoods, to determine the extent to which its supported actions also contribute to a neighborhood’s specified resilience. A wide range of future shocks and stresses are considered; some of which relate to climate change. A matrix is created in order to test the resilience potential of 68 sustainability actions extracted from LEED-ND against 24 possible future shocks/stresses. Many actions encouraged by LEED-ND contribute to resilience to a number of future shocks and stresses, especially energy shortage, heatwaves, aging population, population increase, and extreme precipitation. However, to some future shocks and stresses, LEED-ND contributes minimal or no resilience (e.g., sewage infrastructure failure). The LEED-ND action that contributes resilience to the greatest number of future shocks/stresses is good connectivity. There are a few conflicts between LEED-ND and resilience goals (e.g., compact development), but they are minimal. It is concluded that LEED-ND does contribute to a neighborhood’s specified resilience, but not comprehensively so or in the most optimal way.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the Smart Net-Zero Energy Buildings Strategic Research Network (NSERC), which funded this project.
References
Bagieński, Z. 2015. “Traffic air quality index.” Sci. Total Environ. 505: 606–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.041.
Bahadur, A. V., M. Ibrahim, and T. Tanner. 2013. “Characterising resilience: Unpacking the concept for tackling climate change and development.” Clim. Dev. 5 (1): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2012.762334.
Barton, H., M. Grant, and R. Guise. 2010. Shaping neighbourhoods: for local health and global sustainability. London: Routledge.
Bocchini, P., D. M. Frangopol, T. Ummenhofer, and T. Zinke. 2014. “Resilience and sustainability of civil infrastructure: Toward a unified approach.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 20 (2): 04014004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000177.
BRE Global. 2017. “BREEAM communities technical manual, SD202-1.2: 2012” Accessed August 4, 2018. http://www.breeam.com/communitiesmanual/.
Bruneau, M., S. E. Chang, R. T. Eguchi, G. C. Lee, T. D. O’Rourke, A. M. Reinhorn, M. Shinozuka, K. Tierney, W. A. Wallace, and D. von Winterfeldt. 2003. “A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities.” Earthquake Spectra 19 (4): 733–752. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1623497.
Byron Shire Council. 2018. “Erosion and sediment control.” Accessed August 4, 2018. https://www.byron.nsw.gov.au/Services/Building-development/Building-and-certification/Erosion-and-sediment-control.
C-CHANGE (Center for Health and the Global Environment). 2015. “Biodiversity and infectious diseases.” Accessed October 19, 2015. http://www.chgeharvard.org/topic/biodiversity-and-infectious-diseases.
City of Toronto. 2014. “Impacts from the December 2013 extreme winter storm event on the City of Toronto.” Accessed April 16, 2015. http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2014/cc/bgrd/backgroundfile-65676.pdf.
Codoban, N., and C. A. Kennedy. 2008. “The metabolism of neighbourhoods.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 134 (1): 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2008)134:1(21).
Davoudi, S. 2012. “Resilience: A bridging concept or a dead end?” Plann. Theory Pract. 13 (2): 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.677124.
Elmqvist, T., G. Barnett, and C. Wilkinson. 2014. “Exploring urban sustainability and resilience.” In Resilient sustainable cities, a future, edited by L. J. Pearson, P. W. Newton, and P. Roberts, 19–28. New York: Routledge.
Engel-Yan, J., C. A. Kennedy, S. Saiz, and K. Pressnail. 2005. “Towards sustainable neighbourhoods: The need to consider infrastructure interactions.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 32 (1): 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1139/l04-116.
EPA. 2014. “U.S. environmental protection agency climate change adaptation plan publication number: EPA 100-K-14-001.” Accessed August 4, 2018. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/adaptationplans2014_508.pdf.
Fraker, H. 2013. The hidden potential of sustainable neighborhoods: Lessons from low-carbon communities. Washington, DC: Island.
Gurr, G. M., S. D. Wratten, W. E. Snyder, and D. M. Y. Read. eds. 2012. Biodiversity and pests: Key issues for sustainable management. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Haimes, Y. 1991. “Total risk management.” Risk Anal. 11 (2): 169–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1991.tb00589.x.
Hamin, E. M., and N. Gurran. 2009. “Urban form and climate change: Balancing adaptation and mitigation in the U.S. and Australia.” Habitat Int. 33 (3): 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.005.
International Living Future Institute. 2015. “Living building challenge.” Accessed April 17, 2015. http://living-future.org/lbc.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007a. “Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability.” In Contribution of Working Group II to the 4th Assessment Rep. of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Linden, and C. E. Hanson. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007b. “Climate change 2007: The physical science basis.” In Contribution of Working Group I to the 4th Assessment Rep. of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014. “Climate Change 2014: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects.” In Contribution of Working Group II to the 5th Assessment Rep. of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by C. B. Field, et al. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Solid Waste Division. 2018. “King County post construction soil standard.” Accessed August 4, 2018. https://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/dnrp/solid-waste/programs/green-building/home-builders-owners/soil-standard.aspx.
Larsen, L., et al. 2011. Green building and climate resilience: Understanding impacts and preparing for changing conditions. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan.
Luederitz, C., D. J. Lang, and H. Von Wehrden. 2013. “A systematic review of guiding principles for sustainable urban neighborhood development.” Landscape Urban Plann. 118: 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.06.002.
Masters, J. 2015. “Storm surge protection by wetlands.” Accessed October 19, 2015. http://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/surge_wetlands.asp.
McEvoy, D., S. Lindley, and J. Handley. 2006. “Adaptation and mitigation in urban areas: Synergies and conflicts.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Munic. Eng. 159 (4): 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.2006.159.4.185.
Norris, F. H., S. P. Stevens, B. Pfefferbaum, K. Wyche, and R. L. Pfefferbaum. 2008. “Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness.” Landscape Urban Plann. 41 (1–2): 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development). 2011. “OECD reviews of risk management policies: Future global shocks: Improving risk governance.” Accessed May 6, 2013. http://www.oecd.org/governance/48256382.pdf.
Park, J., T. P. Seager, P. S. C. Rao, M. Convertino, and I. Linkov. 2013. “Integrating risk and resilience approaches to catastrophe management in engineering systems.” Risk Anal. 33 (3): 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01885.x.
Pyke, C. R., S. McMahon, L. Larsen, N. B. Rajkovich, and A. Rohloff. 2012. “Development and analysis of climate sensitivity and climate adaptation opportunities indices for buildings.” Build. Environ. 55: 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.02.020.
Reith, A., and M. Orova. 2015. “Do green neighbourhood ratings cover sustainability?” Ecol. Indic. 48: 660–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.005.
Resilient Design Institute. 2013. “Resilient design strategies.” Accessed April 15, 2015. http://www.resilientdesign.org/resilient-design-strategies/.
Rostek, M., P. Gizewski, R. Reshke, R. Bell, J. Sheahan, and S. Larouche. 2011. Toward Army 2040: Exploring key dimensions of the global environment. Kingston, Canada: Queen’s Univ.
Sugar, L., C. Kennedy, and D. Hoornweg. 2013. “Synergies between climate change adaptation and mitigation in development: Case studies of Amman, Jakarta, and Dar es Salaam.” Int. J. Clim. Change Strategies Manage. 5 (1): 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/17568691311299381.
Tyler, S., and M. Moench. 2012. “A framework for urban climate resilience.” Clim. Dev. 4 (4): 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2012.745389.
Uda, M., and C. Kennedy. 2015. “A framework for analysing neighbourhood resilience.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Urban Des. Plann. 168 (3): 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1680/udap.14.00028.
USGBC (US Green Building Council). 2013. “LEED climate resilience screening tool.” Accessed April 16, 2015. http://ch.usgbc.org/resources/leed-climate-resilience-screening-tool.
USGBC (US Green Building Council). 2018. “LEED v4 for neighborhood development—Current version.” Accessed August 4, 2018. https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v4-neighborhood-development-current-version.
Walker, B., and D. Salt. 2006. Resilience thinking: Sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. Washington, DC: Island.
Walker, B., and D. Salt. 2012. Resilience practice: building capacity to absorb disturbance and maintain function—How can landscapes and communities adapt and transform in a changing world?. Washington, DC: Island.
WEF (World Economic Forum). 2013. “Global risks 2013, eighth edition.” Accessed August 4, 2018. http://reports.weforum.org/global-risks-2013/.
Yuan, C., and E. Ng. 2012. “Building porosity for better urban ventilation in high-density cities—A computational parametric study.” Build. Environ. 50: 176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.10.023.
Zimmerman, R. H. 2001. “Wetlands and infectious diseases.” Supplement, Cad. Saúde Pública 17: 127–131. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2001000700021.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 24 • Issue 4 • December 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 29, 2016
Accepted: May 8, 2018
Published online: Sep 8, 2018
Published in print: Dec 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Feb 8, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.