Experimental Study of PhiX174 Resuspension from Mobile Bed Sediment
Publication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 5
Abstract
PhiX174 (or ) is a spherical single-stranded DNA bacteriophage used as a surrogate to study viral enteric pathogens in the environment. The resuspension of viral pathogen from bed sediment in irrigation canals impairs the quality of overlaying water and can result in the contamination of produce. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to evaluate the resuspension of PhiX174 from bed sediment in an open channel flume. Different flow conditions (e.g., flow rate, velocity, shear stress) and three types of sediment mixtures (i.e., loam, sand, sandy loam) were investigated. Results revealed that the resuspension rate increases with the dimensionless bed shear stress. Based on these results, for the first time, we proposed two models to correlate the concentration of PhiX174 with the dimensionless bed shear stress for different sediment. One model was proposed for sandy loam and loam, was verified favorably by the experimental data, and yielded a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) of 0.71 and value of 0.72. The other model was proposed for sand, with NSE of 0.20 and of 0.26. The application of these models also indicated viruses are more easily resuspended from sand than sandy loam or loam sediments. The models shed a light for studying the correlation between the viruses in water and sediment and will benefit the management of irrigation water quality.
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Data Availability Statement
All the data, including the experimental measurements, the data used for formulating empirical relations, and the code processing the data that support the findings of this study, are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to The Center for Produce Safety for funding this research (Grant No. 2019CPS04). The authors would also like to acknowledge that any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of The Center for Produce Safety. Funding for this project was also made possible by the US Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Marketing Service through grant USDA-AMS-TM-SCBGP-G-18-003 to the California Department of Food and Agriculture (Subaward: CDFA SCBGP#18-0275-079-SC). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the USDA. The Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center and the Hydraulic Laboratory at the University of Arizona provided in-kind support of laboratory facilities and supplies.
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Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 5 • May 2021
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© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Mar 13, 2020
Accepted: Nov 25, 2020
Published online: Mar 4, 2021
Published in print: May 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Aug 4, 2021
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