Abstract
Precise estimation of local head loss () remains a challenge for the hydraulic design of drip irrigation. This study develops a robust protocol for estimating the emitter based on the Borda-Carnot principle. The method requires cross-sectional flow area measurements with and without emitter obstruction and a contraction coefficient, which is determined by the empirical relationship of the obstruction ratio. For comparison purposes, cross-sectional flow areas were also measured with a profile projector, which resulted in absolute deviations lower than 2.6%. Observed and predicted single-emitter deviation values were consistent with previous studies; the three examined emitting pipe types had deviation values of , 21.6%, and 1.07%. Thus, the proposed methodology for estimating the cross-sectional area can be applied without compromising estimates using a single flat inline emitter operated by the proposed semiempirical model.
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Data Availability Statement
All data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All models used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - Brasil (CNPq) for the scholarships awarded. Undergraduate students were especially important in data acquisition, and the manufacturers for supplying emitting pipes.
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© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Jan 28, 2020
Accepted: Jul 31, 2020
Published online: Oct 29, 2020
Published in print: Jan 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Mar 29, 2021
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