Resuspension of Escherichia coli and MS2 Bacteriophage from Bed Sediment in Irrigation Canals
Publication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 6
Abstract
Sediments are known to be potential reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms that can influence the microbial quality of the overlaying water. A set of laboratory experiments was conducted to investigate the resuspension of Escherichia coli and the MS2 virus from bed sediment to the overlaying water in irrigation canals. Consequently, their concentration in moving water is dependent on flow properties (e.g., velocity, shear stress) and the size of bed sediment. When bed material is sandy loam, their quantity in water increases with the shear stress on bed surface. However, for a sandy bed, their presence in water has no apparent correlation with flow properties. The amount of MS2 virus in water was greater at low flow velocity and shear stress than Escherichia coli because the size of the MS2 virus is much smaller. Finally, an empirical relation was formulated for calculating the maximum allowable Escherichia coli concentration in sandy loamy bed sediment.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the funding support from the Produce Safety Program at the Arizona Department of Agriculture. The Hydraulic Laboratory at University of Arizona provided in-kind support of laboratory facilities and supplies.
References
Baffaut, C., and Sadeghi, A. (2010). “Bacteria modeling with SWAT for assessment and remediation studies: A review.” T. ASABE, 53(5), 1585–1594.
Bai, S., and Lung, W. S. (2005). “Modeling sediment impact on the transport of fecal bacteria.” Water Res., 39(20), 5232–5240.
Bitton, G., and Marshall, K. C. (1980). Adsorption of microorganisms to surfaces, Wiley, New York.
Cho, K. H., Pachepsky, Y. A., Kim, J. H., Guber, A. K., Shelton, D. R., and Rowland, R. (2010). “Release of Escherichia coli from the bottom sediment in a first-order creek: Experiment and reach-specific modeling.” J. Hydrol., 391(3-4), 322–332.
Christensen, V. G., Rasmussen, P. P., and Ziegler, A. C. (2002). “Real-time water quality monitoring and regression analysis to estimate nutrient and bacteria concentrations in Kansas streams.” Water Sci. Technol., 45(9), 205–211.
Collins, R., and Rutherford, K. (2004). “Modelling bacterial water quality in streams draining pastoral land.” Water Res., 38(3), 700–712.
David, M. M., and Haggard, B. E. (2011). “Development of regression-based models to predict fecal bacteria numbers at select sites within the Illinois river watershed, Arkansas and Oklahoma.” Water Air Soil Pollut., 215(1), 525–547.
de Brauwere, A., Ouattara, N. K., and Servais, P. (2014). “Modeling fecal indicator bacteria concentration in natural surface waters: A review.” Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Technol., 44(21), 2380–2453.
Flint, K. P. (1987). “The long-term survival of Escherichia coli in river water.” J. Appl. Bacteriol., 63(3), 261–270.
Francy, D. S., et al. (2013). “Predictive models for Escherichia coli concentrations at inland lake beaches and relations of model variables to pathogen detections.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 79(5), 1676–1688.
Gao, G., Falconer, R. A., and Lin, B. (2011). “Numerical modelling of sediment-bacteria interaction processes in surface waters.” Water Res., 45(5), 1951–1960.
Ge, Z., and Frick, W. E. (2009). “Time-frequency analysis of beach bacteria variations and its implication for recreational water quality modeling.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(4), 1128–1133.
Gerba, C. P., and Kayed, D. (2003). “Caliciviruses: A major cause of foodborne illness.” J. Food Sci., 68(4), 1136–1142.
Gerba, C. P., and Schaiberger, G. E. (1975). “Effect of particulates on virus survival in seawater.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 47(1), 93–103.
Gil, M. I., Selma, M. V., Suslow, T., Jacxsens, L., Uyttendaele, M., and Allende, A. (2015). “Pre- and postharvest preventive measures and intervention strategies to control microbial food safety hazards of fresh leafy vegetables.” Crit. Rev. Food Sci., 55(4), 453–468.
Grant, S. B., Kim, J. H., Jones, B. H., Jenkins, S. A., Wasyl, J., and Cudaback, C. (2005). “Surf zone entrainment, along-shore transport, and human health implications of pollution from tidal outlets.” J. Geophys. Res., 110(C10), C10025.
Hamrick, J. M. (1992). A three-dimensional environmental fluid dynamics computer code: Theoretical and computational aspects, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA.
He, L. M., and He, Z. L. (2008). “Water quality prediction of marine recreational beaches receiving watershed baseflow and stormwater runoff in southern California.” Water Res., 42(10–11), 2563–2573.
Heiman, K. E., Mody, R. K., Johnson, S. D., Griffin, P. M., and Gould, L. H. (2015). “Escherichia coli O157 outbreaks in the United States, 2003–2012.” Emerg. Infect. Dis., 21(8), 1293–1301.
Hellweger, F. L. (2007). “Ensemble modeling of Escherichia coli in the Charles River, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.” Water Sci. Technol., 56(6), 39–46.
Jamieson, R. C., Joy, D. M., Lee, H., Kostaschuk, R., and Gordon, R. J. (2005). “Resuspension of sediment-associated Escherichia coli in a natural stream.” J. Environ. Qual., 34(2), 581–589.
Jurzik, L., Hamza, I. A., Puchert, W., Uberla, K., and Wilhelm, M. (2010). “Chemical and microbiological parameters as possible indicators for human enteric viruses in surface water.” Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 213(3), 210–216.
Kim, J. W., Pachepsky, Y. A., Shelton, D. R., and Coppock, C. (2010). “Effect of streambed bacteria release on Escherichia coli concentrations: Monitoring and modeling with the modified SWAT.” Ecol. Model., 221(12), 1592–1604.
Kropinski, A. M., Mazzocco, A., Waddell, T. E., Lingohr, E. and Johnson, R. P. (2009). “Enumeration of bacteriophages by double agar overlay plaque assay.” Bacteriophages: Methods and protocols. Volume 1: Isolation, characterization, and interactions, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 69–76.
Lopman, B., Gastañaduy, P., Park, G. W., Hall, A. J., Parashar, U. D., and Vinjé, J. (2012). “Environmental transmission of norovirus gastroenteritis.” Curr. Opin. Virol., 2(1), 96–102.
Murray, P. R., Baron, E. J., Pfallar, M. A., Tenover, F. C., and Yolken, R. H. (1999). Manual of clinical microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
Olaimat, A. N., and Holley, R. A. (2012). “Factors influencing the microbial safety of fresh produce: A review.” Food Microbiol., 32(1), 1–19.
Pachepsky, Y., Shelton, D. R., McLain, J. E., and Mandrell, R. E. (2011). “Irrigation waters as a source of pathogenic microorganisms in produce: A review.” Advances in agronomy, Vol. 113, Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, 73–138.
Pachepsky, Y. A., and Shelton, D. R. (2011). “Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms in freshwater and estuarine sediments.” Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tech., 41(12), 1067–1110.
Pandey, P. K., Soupir, M. L., and Rehmann, C. R. (2012). “A model for predicting resuspension of Escherichia coli from streambed sediments.” Water Res., 46(1), 115–126.
Parkhurst, D. F., Brenner, K. P., Dufour, A. P., and Wymer, L. J. (2005). “Indicator bacteria at five swimming beaches: Analysis using random forests.” Water Res., 39(7), 1354–1360.
Rangel, J. M., Sparling, P. H., Crowe, C., Griffin, P. M., and Swerdlow, D. L. (2005). “Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002.” Emerg. Infect. Dis., 11(4), 603–609.
Richards, G. P. (2012). “Critical review of norovirus surrogates in food safety research: Rationale for considering volunteer studies.” Food Environ. Virol., 4(1), 6–13.
Riou, P., Le Saux, J. C., Dumas, F., Caprais, M. P., Le Guyader, S. F., and Pommepuy, M. (2007). “Microbial impact of small tributaries on water and shellfish quality in shallow coastal areas.” Water Res., 41(12), 2774–2786.
Sanders, B. F., Arega, F., and Sutula, M. (2005). “Modeling the dry-weather tidal cycling of fecal indicator bacteria in surface waters of an intertidal wetland.” Water Res., 39(14), 3394–3408.
Sassi, H. P., et al. (2015). “Control of the spread of viruses in a long-term care facility using hygiene protocols.” Am. J. Infect. Contr., 43(7), 702–706.
Skraber, S., Gantzer, C., Maul, A., and Schwartzbrod, L. (2002). “Fates of bacteriophages and bacterial indicators in the Moselle river (France).” Water Res., 36(14), 3629–3637.
Steets, B. M., and Holden, P. A. (2003). “A mechanistic model of runoff-associated fecal coliform fate and transport through a coastal lagoon.” Water Res., 37(3), 589–608.
Stine, S. W., Song, I., Choi, C. Y., and Gerba, C. P. (2005). “Application of microbial risk assessment to the development of standards for enteric pathogens in water used to irrigate fresh produce.” J. Food Protection, 68(5), 913–918.
Stretch, D., and Mardon, D. (2005). “A simplified model of pathogenic pollution for managing beaches.” Water SA, 31(1), 47–52.
USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). (1987). “Soil mechanics. Level I: Module 3—USDA textural soil classification, study guide.”, National Soil Conservation Service (NRCS), Washington, DC.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2012). “Recreational water quality criteria.”, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2015). “Review of coliphages as possible indicators of fecal contamination for ambient water quality.”, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
USFDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). (2015). “FSMA proposed rule for produce safety: Information on specific provisions.” ⟨http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/FSMA/ucm415226.htm⟩ (Feb. 15, 2016).
Uyttendaele, M., et al. (2015). “Microbial hazards in irrigation water: Standards, norms, and testing to manage use of water in fresh produce primary production.” Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 14(4), 336–356.
Vinten, A. J. (2004). “Predicting the effect of livestock inputs of Escherichia coli on microbiological compliance of bathing waters.” Water Res., 38(14), 3215–3224.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 6 • June 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 23, 2016
Accepted: Oct 31, 2016
Published online: Jan 28, 2017
Published in print: Jun 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Jun 28, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.