Abstract
Treated wastewater reuse (TWWR) offers a promising solution for farm crop and turf irrigation while also mitigating the environmental pressures resulting from effluent disposal in the environment. Most attention is devoted to ensuring that treatments are safe for human health. Nevertheless, the treatment may be incomplete or some pathogens resulting from biofilm development may be dispersed through the system. Therefore, end-users must take specific precautions and implement practices to prevent any unintended dispersal of contaminants transported by the water, in particular when using sprinkler irrigation practices. To generate data to evaluate dissemination hazards, and thereby facilitate risk calculation, a sprinkler was operated in (windy) field conditions and the wetted area drift as well as the transport of small particles downwind was measured within a perimeter 4 times the sprinkler range. The volumes collected at such distances on the ground and along the wind axis remained below , and below of vertical section, for winds of , and below 0.25 and of vertical section for winds of . The measurement method, based on the use of fluorescent dye, is proposed along with an empirical model that can be used to estimate the volumes of potentially contaminated water that can escape from the wetted zone under wind influence for the specific sprinkler used.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was conducted within the framework of several projects commissioned by Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’Environnement et du travail (ANSES 2012) which were then continued within the framework of the MEDIWAT (Interreg Med 2G-MED09-262, 2010–2013), NOWMMA (AAP ECO-Industrie, 2011–2014, New Process for Optimizing Wastewater Reuse from Mauguio in Mediterranean Area in support of the French Reuse Directive) and Water4Crops (Water4Crops, 2012–2016 projet FP7 KBBE-2012-Call 6-311933) projects.
References
ANSES. (2012). “Réutilisation des eaux usées traitées pour l’irrigation des cultures, l’arrosage des espaces verts par aspersion et le lavage des voiries.”.
Courault, D., Girardin, G., Renault, P., Capowiez, L., Hane, O., and Bon, F. (2013). “Quantification des virus aérosolisés après irrigation d’eaux usées.” 〈http://microbaero2013.sciencesconf.org/〉 (Oct. 7, 2013).
Delahaye, J.-Y., Barthès, L., Golé, P., Lavergnat, J., and Vinson, J. P. (2006). “A dualbeam spectropluviometer concept.” J. Hydrol., 328(1–2), 110–120.
Devaux, I., Gerbaud, L., Planchon, C., Bontoux, J., and Glanddier, Ph. Y. (2001). “Infectious risk associated with wastewater reuse: An epidemiological approach applied to the case of Clermont-Ferrand, France.” Water Sci. Technol., 43(12), 53–60.
Dowd, S. E., Gerba, C. P., Pepper, I. L., and Pillai, S. D. (2000). “Bioaerosol transport modeling and risk assessment in relation to biosolid placement.” J. Environ. Qual., 29(1), 343–348.
Frost, K. R., and Schwalen, H. C. (1955). “Sprinkler evaporation losses.” Agric. Eng., 36(8), 526–528.
Gil, Y., Sinfort, C., Brunet, Y., Polveche, V., and Bonicelli, B. (2007). “Atmospheric loss of pesticides above an artificial vineyard during air-assisted spraying.” Atmos. Environ., 41(14), 2945–2957.
Heinonen-Tanskia, H., Reponenb, T., and Koivunena, J. (2009). “Airborne enteric coliphages and bacteria in sewage treatment plants.” Water Res., 43(9), 2558–2566.
Herbst, A., and Molnar, G. (2002). “Comparison of spray drift collectors in a wind tunnel.” Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 54(9), 233–238.
ISO. (2005). “Equipment for crop protection—Field measurement of spray drift.” ISO 22866.
ISO. (2011). “Agricultural irrigation equipment—Sprinklers—Part 1: Definition of terms and classification; Part 3: Characterization of distribution and test methods.” ISO 15886–2011.
Kincaid, D. C., and Longley, T. S. (1989). “A water droplet evaporation and temperature model.” Trans. ASAE, 32(2), 457–0462.
Kincaid, D. C., Nabil, M., and Busch, J. R. (1986). “Spray losses and uniformity with low pressure center pivots.”, ASABE.
Lazarova, V., et al. (2001). “Role of water reuse for enhancing integrated water management in Europe and Mediterranean countries.” Water Sci. Technol., 43(10), 25–33.
Lorenzini, G., and De Wrachien, D. (2005). “Performance assessment of sprinkler irrigation systems. A new indicator for spray evaporation losses.” Irrig. Drain., 54(3), 295–305.
Molle, B., Hendawi, M., and Tomas, S. (2011). “An approach of drift and evaporation losses in sprinkler irrigation bised on droplet size distribution.” ICID.
Molle, B., Huet, L., Tomas, S., Granier, J., Dimaiolo, P., and Rosa, C. (2009). “Caractérisation du risque de dérive et d’évaporation d’une gamme d’asperseurs d’irrigation application à la définition des limites d’utilisation de l’aspersion en réutilisation d’eaux usées traitées.” Rapport d’étude Onema-Action, Paris.
Pachepsky, Y., et al. (2011). “Irrigation as a source of pathogenic microorganisms in produce: A review.” Adv. Agron., 113(2), 73–138.
Renault, P., and Bon, F. (2012). “Fate of human enteric viruses supplied with wastewater irrigation: A review.”, European Conferederation of Soil Science Societies, Bari, Italy.
Renault, P., Lazarova, V., Martinez, F., and Langlais, C. (2013). “Success factors in reuse water schemes for irrigation in European Mediterranean countries: Lessons learned from 9 case studies.” 9th IWA Int. Conf. on Water Re-Use, IWA, London.
Richards, P. J., and Wetherhead, E. K. (1983). “Prediction of rain gun patterns in windy conditions.” J. Agric. Eng. Res., 54(4), 281–291.
Sallam, K. A., Dai, Z., and Faeth, G. M. (2002). “Liquid breakup at the surface of turbulent round liquid jets in still gases.” Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 28(3), 427–449.
Sauter, J. (1928). “Die Grössenbestimmung der in Gemischnebeln von Verbrennungskraftmaschinen vorhandenen Brennstoffteilchen.”, Berlin.
Stahl, M., Gnirss, M., Damaschke, N., and Tropea, C. (2005). “Laser doppler measurements of nozzle flow and optical characterisation of the generated spray.” Proc., 20th Int. Conf. on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, ILASS, Orleans, France.
Statgraphics 16.1 [Computer software]. Statpoint Technologies, Warrenton, VA.
Teltsch, B., and Katzenelson, E. (1978). “Airborne enteric bacteria and viruses from spray irrigation with wastewater.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 35(2), 290–296.
Thompson, A. L., Gilley, J. R., and Norman, J. M. (1993). “A sprinkler water droplet evaporation and plant canopy mode II.” ASABE, 735–741.
Toze, S. (2005). “Reuse of effluent water—Benefits and risks.” Agric. Water Manage., 80(2006), 147–159.
Hendawi, M., Molle, B., Folton, C., and Granier, J. (2006). “Measurement accuracy analysis of sprinkler irrigation rainfall in relation to collector shape.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 477–483.
Kadem, N., Tchiftchibachian, A., and Borghi, R. (2008). “Experimental and numerical modeling study for irrigation gun water jet.” Atomization Sprays, 18(4), 315–341.
Stevenin, C., Vallet, A., Tomas, S., Amielh, M., and Anselmet, F. (2016a). “Eulerian atomization modeling of a pressure-atomized spray for sprinkler irrigation.” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 142–149.
Stevenin, C., Vallet, A., Tomas, S., Amielh, M., and Anselmet, F. (2016b). “Flow characteristics of a large-size pressure-atomized spray using DTV.” Int. J. Multiphase Flow, in press.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 142 • Issue 9 • September 2016
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 8, 2015
Accepted: Jan 29, 2016
Published online: May 3, 2016
Published in print: Sep 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Oct 3, 2016
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Agriculture
- Business management
- Chemical compounds
- Chemicals
- Chemistry
- Environmental engineering
- Irrigation
- Irrigation engineering
- Pollution
- Practice and Profession
- Public administration
- Public health and safety
- Sprinkler irrigation
- Structural engineering
- Wastewater management
- Wastewater treatment
- Water and water resources
- Water pollution
- Water treatment
- Wind engineering
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.