Field Test of Paved Area Reduction Factors Using a Storm Water Management Model and Water Quality Test Site
Publication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 140, Issue 4
Abstract
A water quality research facility located at Parking Lot K on the Auraria campus of the University of Colorado, Denver was used to create a calibrated hydraulic model that represents rainfall and runoff from a small, developed urban watershed. The calibrated model was used to test effective impervious values that have been proposed in previous research. Field tests included a hydraulic model that was calibrated with 3 years of recorded rainfall and runoff data and four case studies. Each case study compared the theoretical development of paved area reduction factors with two types of storm water low-impact development practices, a porous pavement section, and water quality pond. These two types of storm water best management practices have been defined as a conveyance-based and storage-based reduction factors in previous studies. This study found a strong correlation with theoretical reduction factors when they are compared to measured rainfall events and also when design storm distributions are applied to the calibrated field model. Four case studies presented in this paper conclude that the reduction factors presented in previous studies are accurate and applicable to for the Denver, Colorado area. The reduction factors were also tested with more widely used unit hydrograph procedures, and it was found that the reduction factors are accurate for other hydrologic modeling procedures and storm distribution types.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Alley, W. A., and Veenhuis, J. E. (1983). “Effective impervious area in urban runoff modeling.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 313–319.
Antoine, L. H. (1964). “Drainage and best use of urban land.” J. Public Works, 95, 88–90.
Arnold, C. L., Jr., and Gibbons, C. J. (1996). “Impervious surface coverage: The emergence of a key environmental indicator.” J. Am. Plan. Assoc., 62(2), 243.
Blackler, G., and Guo, J. C. Y. (2013). “Paved area reduction factors under temporally varied rainfall and infiltration.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 173–179.
Booth, D. B., and Jackson, R. C. (1997). “Urbanization of aquatic systems degradation thresholds, stormwater detention, and the limits of mitigation.” J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 33(5), 1077–1093.
Carter, R. W. (1961). Magnitude and frequency of floods in suburban areas, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC, B9–B11.
Delleur, J. W. (2003). “The evolution of urban hydrology past, present, and future.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 563–573.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2010). Stormwater Management Model V. 5.0.022 (SWMM5), (Software) developed by CDM, Cambridge, MA.
Felton, P. M., and Lull, H. W. (1963). “Suburban hydrology can improve watershed conditions.” J. Public Works, 94(1), 93–94.
Finnemore, J., and Franzini, J. (2002). Fluid mechanics with engineering applications, McGraw Hill, New York, 505–513.
Guo, J. (2008). “Volume based imperviousness for storm water designs.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 193–196.
Guo, J., Blackler, G., Earles, A., and Mackenzie, K. (2010). “Incentive index developed to evaluate storm water low impact designs.” J. Environ. Eng., 579–591.
Guo, J., Cheng, J., and Wright, L. (2012). “Field test on conversion of natural watershed into kinematic wave rectangular plane.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 944–951.
Guo, J., and Urbonas, B. (2009). “Conversion of natural watershed to kinematic wave cascading plane.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 839–846.
Horton, R. E. (1933). “Role of infiltration in the hydrologic cycle.” Trans. AM. Geo-phys. Union, 14(1), 446–460.
Kuichling, E. (1889). “The relation between rainfall and the discharge of sewers in populous districts.” Trans. ASCE, 20, 1–56.
Lee, J. G., and Heaney, J. P. (2002). “Directly connected impervious areas as major sources of urban stormwater quality problems—Evidence from South Florida.” Proc., 7th Biennial Conf. on Stormwater Res. and Water Quality Management, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Dept. of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Boulder, CO.
Lee, J. G., and Heaney, J. P. (2003). “Estimation of urban imperviousness and its impacts on storm water systems.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 419–426.
National Oceanic, and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (1973). “Precipitation frequency atlas of the western United States.” U.S. Dept. of Commerce and National Weather Service Prepared for the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Silver Spring, MD, Vol. 3, Department of Interior (DOI), Washington, D.C.
Rossman, L. A. (2009). “Storm water management model user’s manual version 5.0.” Chapter 3, Water Supply and Water Resources Division National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, 34.
Schueler, T. R. (1994). “The importance of imperviousness.” Watershed Protect. Techn., 1(3), 100–111.
Sherman, L. K. (1932). “Stream flow from rainfall by the unit graph method.” Eng. News and Record, 108, 501–505.
Snyder, F. F. (1938). “Synthetic unit graphs.” Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 19(1), 447–454.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). (2002). HEC-HMS technical reference manual, Chapter 3, Davis, CA, 37–47.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). (2010). Hydrologic engineering center hydrologic modeling system (HEC-HMS) version 3.5, Build, Davis, CA.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). (1987). Design of small dams, 3rd Ed., Chapter 10, U.S. Dept. of Interior, Washington, DC, 453–459.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA). (1986). “Urban hydrology for small watersheds.” Technical Release 55 (TR-55), Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (UDFCD). (2006). Urban stormwater drainage criteria manual, Chapter 4, Vol. 1, Denver, RA.
Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (UDFCD). (2010). Urban stormwater drainage criteria manual, Chapter 3, Vol. 3, Denver, SQ.
Woo, S. H., and Burian, S. J. (2009). “Determining effective impervious area for urban hydrologic modeling.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 111–120.
Wooding, R. A. (1965) “A hydraulic model for the catchment stream problem.” J. Hydrol. (Amsterdam), 3(3–4), 254–267.
Woolhiser, D., and Ligget, J. (1967). “Unsteady one dimensional flow over a plan, the rising hydrograph.” Water Resour. Res., 3(3), 753–771.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 140 • Issue 4 • April 2014
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 8, 2013
Accepted: Oct 26, 2013
Published online: Dec 19, 2013
Published in print: Apr 1, 2014
Discussion open until: May 19, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.