Review of the Utilization of Plastic Wastes as a Resource Material in Civil Engineering Infrastructure Applications
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 26, Issue 4
Abstract
The world is being burdened with excessive usage and indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste. The world presently produces nearly 400 million tons of plastic every year: less than 10% is recycled, 8% is incinerated, and the rest is dumped in landfills. The reduction of plastic has become a significant challenge due to the lower degradation rate. A substantial amount of this waste turns out to be litter in the oceans or landfills due to limited recycling or reuse in an environmentally friendly way. Compared with incineration and landfilling processes, recycling plastic waste is more productive. Hence, the utilization of plastic waste in civil engineering applications is found to have the maximum potential for consumption in bulk quantities, which can also help in minimizing disposal issues. This article reviews the characteristic properties of waste plastic and its utilization in civil engineering applications, specifically in bricks, blocks, road embankment, pavement layers, plastic aggregates, and voided slabs, which are systematically comprehended with various international standards. The use of waste plastic either retained or slightly improved the properties of the materials to which it is added. The paper also discusses the leaching properties of different kinds of plastic waste; their limitations along with probable opportunities associated with plastic waste utilization.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abdel Tawab, O. F., M. R. Amin, M. M. Ibrahim, M. Abdel Wahab, and E. N. Abd El Rahman. 2020. “Recycling waste plastic bags as a replacement for cement in production of building bricks and concrete blocks.” J. Waste Resour. Recycle 1 (2): 202.
Abu-Saleem, M., Y. Zhuge, R. Hassanli, M. Ellis, M. M. Rahman, and P. Levett. 2021. “Stress-strain behaviour and mechanical strengths of concrete incorporating mixed recycled plastics.” J. Compos. Sci. 5 (6): 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5060146.
Acierno, S., C. Carotenuto, and M. Pecce. 2009. “Compressive and thermal properties of recycled EPS foams.” Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 49 (1): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602550903282994.
Agyeman, S., N. K. Obeng-Ahenkora, S. Assiamah, and G. Twumasi. 2019. “Exploiting recycled plastic waste as an alternative binder for paving blocks production.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 11: e00246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00246.
Ahmad, N. F. A., S. N. M. Razali, S. Sahat, and M. Kaamin. 2018. “PET concrete as paver block.” In Vol. 2016 of AIP Conference Proc., 020015. Melville, NY: AIP Publishing.
Ahmadinia, E., M. Zargar, M. R. Karim, M. Abdelaziz, and E. Ahmadinia. 2012. “Performance evaluation of utilization of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in stone mastic asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 36: 984–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.015.
Akinwumi, I. I., A. H. Domo-Spiff, and A. Salami. 2019. “Marine plastic pollution and affordable housing challenge: Shredded waste plastic stabilized soil for producing compressed earth bricks.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 11: e00241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00241.
Akinyele, J. O., U. T. Igba, T. O. Ayorinde, and P. O. Jimoh. 2020. “Structural efficiency of burnt clay bricks containing waste crushed glass and polypropylene granules.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 13: e00404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00404.
Al-Azzawi, A. A., and M. S. Shalal. 2019. “Mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride plastics recycled aggregate concrete.” Int. J. Eng. Technol. 8 (1–5): 461–466.
Albano, C., N. Camacho, M. Hernández, A. Matheus, and A. Gutiérrez. 2009. “Influence of content and particle size of waste pet bottles on concrete behavior at different w/c ratios.” Waste Manage. 29 (10): 2707–2716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.007.
Almeshal, I., B. A. Tayeh, R. Alyousef, H. Alabduljabbar, A. M. Mohamed, and A. Alaskar. 2020. “Use of recycled plastic as fine aggregate in cementitious composites: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 253: 119146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119146.
Alqahtani, F. K., M. I. Khan, G. Ghataor, and S. Dirar. 2017. “Production of recycled plastic aggregates and its utilization in concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (4): 04016248. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001765.
Ameli, A., J. Maher, A. Mosavi, N. Nabipour, R. Babagoli, and N. Norouzi. 2020. “Performance evaluation of binders and Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures modified by Ground Tire Rubber (GTR), waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Anti Stripping Agents (ASAs).” Constr. Build. Mater. 251: 118932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118932.
Andrady, A. L. 2011. “Microplastics in the marine environment.” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62 (8): 1596–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030.
Appiah, J. K., V. N. Berko-Boateng, and T. A. Tagbor. 2017. “Use of waste plastic materials for road construction in Ghana.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 6: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2016.11.001.
Arulrajah, A., E. Yaghoubi, Y. C. Wong, and S. Horpibulsuk. 2017. “Recycled plastic granules and demolition wastes as construction materials: Resilient moduli and strength characteristics.” Constr. Build. Mater. 147: 639–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.178.
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers). 1999. Energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings. ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999. Washington, DC: ASHRAE.
Awoyera, P. O., and A. Adesina. 2020. “Plastic wastes to construction products: Status, limitations and future perspective.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 12: e00330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00330.
Awoyera, P. O., A. Adesina, and R. Gobinath. 2019. “Role of recycling fine materials as filler for improving performance of concrete – a review.” Aust. J. Civ. Eng. 17 (2): 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14488353.2019.1626692.
Babu, G. L. S., and S. K. Chouksey. 2011. “Stress–strain response of plastic waste mixed soil.” Waste Manage. (Oxford) 31 (3): 481–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.09.018.
Barlaz, M. A., F. H. Haynie, and M. F. Overcash. 1993. “Framework for assessment of recycle potential applied to plastics.” J. Environ. Eng. 119 (5): 798–810. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1993)119:5(798).
Behl, A., G. Sharma, and G. Kumar. 2014. “A sustainable approach: Utilization of waste PVC in asphalting of roads.” Constr. Build. Mater. 54: 113–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.050.
Bhogayata, A. C., and N. K. Arora. 2018. “Impact strength, permeability and chemical resistance of concrete reinforced with metalized plastic waste fibers.” Constr. Build. Mater. 161: 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.135.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2007. Classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes. IS 1498. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 1985. Specification for clay bricks. BS 3921. London: BSI.
Cheng, X., H. Shi, C. D. Adams, and Y. Ma. 2010. “Assessment of metal contaminations leaching out from recycling plastic bottles upon treatments.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 17 (7): 1323–1330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0312-4.
Choudhary, A. K., J. N. Jha, and K. S. Gill. 2010. “Utilization of plastic wastes for improving the sub-grades in flexible pavements.” Paving Mater. Pavement Anal. 2010: 320–326. https://doi.org/10.1061/41104(377)39.
Choudhary, A. K., J. N. Jha, K. S. Gill, and S. K. Shukla. 2014. “Utilization of fly ash and waste recycled product reinforced with plastic wastes as construction materials in flexible pavement.” In Geo-Congress 2014: Geo-Characterization and Modeling for Sustainability, Geotechnical Special Publication 234, edited by M. Abu-Farsakh, X. Yu, and L. R. Hoyos, 3890–3902. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Consoli, N. C., J. P. Montardo, P. D. M. Prietto, and G. S. Pasa. 2002. “Engineering behavior of a sand reinforced with plastic waste.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 128 (6): 462–472. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:6(462).
Costa, L. M. B., H. M. R. D. Silva, J. Peralta, and J. R. M. Oliveira. 2019. “Using waste polymers as a reliable alternative for asphalt binder modification – Performance and morphological assessment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 198: 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.279.
Donkor, P., and E. Obonyo. 2016. “Compressed soil blocks: Influence of fibers on flexural properties and failure mechanism.” Constr. Build. Mater. 121: 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.151.
Ehrig, R. J. 1992. Plastics recycling: Products and processes. Munchen, Germany: Carl HanserVerlag.
Elzafraney, M., P. Soroushian, and M. Deru. 2005. “Development of energy-efficient concrete buildings using recycled plastic aggregates.” J. Archit. Eng. 11 (4): 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(2005)11:4(122).
EPA. 1990. Methods to manage and control plastic wastes. Report to Congress EPA/530-XW-89-051. Washington, DC: Office of Solid Waste and Office of Water, EPA.
Fanella, D. A., M. Mahamid, and M. Mota. 2017. “Flat plate–voided concrete slab systems: Design, serviceability, fire resistance, and construction.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr. 22 (3): 04017004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000322.
Filella, M. 2020. “Antimony and PET bottles: Checking facts.” Chemosphere 261: 127732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127732.
Gendebien, A., A. Leavens, and K. Blackmore. 2003. Refuse derived fuel, current practice and perspective. B4-3040/2000/306517/MAR/E3. Final Rep. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission–Directorate General Environment.
Geyer, R. 2020. “Production, use, and fate of synthetic polymers.” In Plastic waste and recycling, edited by T. M. Letcher, 13–32. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Geyer, R., J. R. Jambeck, and K. L. Law. 2017. “Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made.” Sci. Adv. 3 (7): e1700782. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782.
Goli, V. S. N. S., A. Mohammad, and D. N. Singh. 2020. “Application of municipal plastic waste as a manmade neo-construction material: Issues & way forward.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 161: 105008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105008.
Goli, V. S. N. S., et al. 2022. “Extraction and characterization of microplastics from organic solid matrices and their remediation.” Environ Geotech. 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.21.00072.
Gray, D. H., and H. Ohashi. 1983. “Mechanics of fiber reinforcement in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 109 (3): 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:3(335).
Hafez, M., R. Mousa, A. Awed, and S. El-Badawy. 2018. “Soil reinforcement using recycled plastic waste for sustainable pavements.” In Proc., Int. Congress and Exhibition. Sustainable Civil Infrastructures: Innovative Infrastructure Geotechnology, 7–20. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Haider, S., I. Hafeez, Jamal, and R. Ullah. 2020. “Sustainable use of waste plastic modifiers to strengthen the adhesion properties of asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 235: 117496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117496.
Hall, F., and G. White. 2021. “The effect of waste plastics on the ageing phenomenon of bituminous binders and asphalt mixtures.” Materials 14 (20): 6176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206176.
Hassan, H. J. A., J. Rasul, and M. Samin. 2021. “Effects of plastic waste materials on geotechnical properties of clayey soil.” Transp. Infrastruct. Geotechnol. 8 (3): 390–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-020-00145-4.
Huang, Y., and W. G. Dai. 2014. “Fundamental aspects of solid dispersion technology for poorly soluble drugs.” Acta Pharm. Sin. B 4 (1): 18–25.
Imteaz, M., A. Mohammadinia, and A. Arulrajah. 2021. “Environmental suitability, carbon footprint and cost savings of recycled plastic for railway applications.” Int. J. Sustainable Eng. 14 (4): 725–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2021.1929551.
IRC (Indian Road Congress). 2002. Rural road manual. IRC SP 20. New Delhi, India: IRC.
IRC (Indian Road Congress). 2010. Recommended practice for construction of earth embankments and subgrade for road works. IRC 36. New Delhi, India: IRC.
IRC (Indian Road Congress). 2013. Guidelines for the use of waste plastic in hot bituminous mixes (dry process) in wearing courses. IRC SP98. New Delhi, India: IRC.
IRC (Indian Road Congress). 2015. Guidelines for the design of flexible pavements for low volume road. IRC SP 72. New Delhi, India: IRC.
IRC (Indian Road Congress). 2018. Guidelines for the design of flexible pavements- fourth revision. IRC 37. New Delhi, India: IRC.
Jalaluddin, M. 2017. “Use of plastic waste in civil constructions and innovative decorative material (eco-friendly).” MOJ Civ. Eng. 3 (5): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojce.2017.03.00082.
Jha, J. N., A. K. Choudhary, K. S. Gill, and S. K. Shukla. 2014. “Behavior of plastic waste fiber-reinforced industrial wastes in pavement applications.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 8 (3): 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1179/1939787914Y.0000000044.
Kairytė, A., A. Kremensas, G. Balčiūnas, I. Matulaitienė, S. Członka, and N. Sienkiewicz. 2020. “Evaluation of self-thermally treated wood plastic composites from wood bark and rapeseed oil-based binder.” Constr. Build. Mater. 250: 118842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118842.
Kamaruddin, M. A., M. S. Yusuf, N. Ibrahim, and M. H. Zawawi. 2017. “Resource recovery from municipal solid waste by mechanical heat treatment: An opportunity.” AIP Conf. Proc. 1835 (1): 020031. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4981853.
Kaza, S., L. C. Yao, P. Bhada-Tata, and F. Van Woerden. 2018. What a waste 2.0: A global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050. Urban development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Koh, H. W., D. K. Le, G. N. Ng, X. Zhang, N. Phan-Thien, U. Kureemun, and H. M. Duong. 2018. “Advanced recycled polyethylene terephthalate aerogels from plastic waste for acoustic and thermal insulation applications.” Gels 4 (2): 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels4020043.
Lazorenko, G., A. Kasprzhitskii, and E. H. Fini. 2022. “Sustainable construction via novel geopolymer composites incorporating waste plastic of different sizes and shapes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 324: 126697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126697.
Lithner, D., I. Nordensvan, and G. Dave. 2012. “Comparative acute toxicity of leachates from plastic products made of polypropylene, polyethylene, PVC, acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene, and epoxy to Daphnia magna.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19 (5): 1763–1772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0663-5.
Manju, R., S. Sathya, and K. Sheema. 2017. “Use of plastic waste in bituminous pavement.” Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res. 10 (8): 804–811.
Maurya, R., U. Kumar, and M. K. Gupta. 2016. “Hydraulic conductivity for silty soil added with plastic wastes.” In Proc., Two day Int. Conf. on Emerging Trends in Civil Engineering, 1–5. Chennai, India: Institute For Engineering Research and Publication (IFERP).
Menaria, Y., and R. Sankhla. 2015. “Use of waste plastic in flexible pavements-green roads.” Open J. Civil Eng. 5 (3): 299–311. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2015.53030.
Mishra, B., and M. K. Gupta. 2020. “Use of plastic waste in bituminous mixes by wet and dry methods.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Munic. Eng. 173 (2): 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.18.00014.
Mohanan, N., Z. Montazer, P. K. Sharma, and D. B. Levin. 2020. “Microbial and enzymatic degradation of synthetic plastics.” Front. Microbiol. 11: 2837. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.580709.
MoRD (Ministry of Rural Development). 2014. Specifications for rural roads. New Delhi, India: Government of India.
MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways). 2013. Specifications for road and bridge works, 5th revision. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India.
Mullapudi, R. S., P. S. Chowdhury, and K. S. Reddy. 2020. “Fatigue and healing characteristics of RAP binder blends.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (8): 04020214. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003284.
Mullapudi, R. S., K. G. Deepika, and K. S. Reddy. 2019. “Relationship between chemistry and mechanical properties of RAP binder blends.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (7): 04019124. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002769.
Mykhailovska, O. V., and M. L. Zotsenko. 2019. “Using solid household plastic waste in the construction of soil embankments.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 708: 012095. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/708/1/012095.
O’Kelly, B. C., et al. 2021. “Microplastics in soils: An environmental geotechnics perspective.” Environ. Geotech. 8 (8): 586–618. https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.20.00179.
Pešić, N., S. Živanović, R. Garcia, and P. Papastergiou. 2016. “Mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with recycled HDPE plastic fibres.” Constr. Build. Mater. 115: 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.050.
Prechthai, T., M. Padmasri, and C. Visvanathan. 2008. “Quality assessment of mined MSW from an open dumpsite for recycling potential.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 53 (1–2): 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.09.002.
Puertas, F., T. Amat, A. Fernández-Jiménez, and T. Vázquez. 2003. “Mechanical and durable behavior of alkaline cement mortars reinforced with polypropylene fibres.” Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (12): 2031–2036. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00222-9.
Purnomo, H., G. Pamudji, and M. Satim. 2017. “Influence of uncoated and coated plastic waste coarse aggregates to concrete compressive strength.” In MATEC Web of Conf., 01016. Les Ulis Cedex A, France: EDP Sciences.
Qi, R., D. L. Jones, Z. Li, Q. Liu, and C. Yan. 2020. “Behavior of microplastics and plastic film residues in the soil environment: A critical review.” Sci. Total Environ. 703: 134722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134722.
Qiao, F., K. Lei, Z. Li, Q. Liu, Z. Wei, L. An, H. Qi, and S. Cui. 2018. “Effects of storage temperature and time of antimony release from PET bottles into drinking water in China.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (2): 1388–1393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0598-6.
Quaghebeur, M., B. Laenen, D. Geysen, P. Nielsen, Y. Pontikes, T. Van Gerven, and J. Spooren. 2013. “Characterization of landfilled materials: Screening of the enhanced landfill mining potential.” J. Cleaner Prod. 55: 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.06.012.
Ragaert, K., L. Delva, and K. Van Geem. 2017. “Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste.” Waste Manage. (Oxford) 69: 24–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044.
Rathnam, P. M., and S. Ram. 2022. “Imbibing energy efficiency in buildings through sustainable materials—A review.” In Advances in sustainable materials and resilient infrastructure. Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering, edited by K. R. Reddy, R. K. Pancharathi, N. G. Reddy, and S. R. Arukala. Singapore: Springer.
Reddy, N. G., and B. H. Rao. 2018. “Compaction and consolidation behavior of untreated and treated waste of Indian red mud.” Geotech. Res. 5 (2): 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgere.18.00005.
Reddy, P. S., N. G. Reddy, V. Z. Serjun, B. Mohanty, S. K. Das, K. R. Reddy, and B. H. Rao. 2021. “Properties and assessment of applications of red mud (bauxite residue): Current status and research needs.” Waste Biomass Valorization 12 (3): 1185–1217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01089-z.
Rustagi, N., S. K. Pradhan, and R. Singh. 2011. “Public health impact of plastics: An overview.” Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med. 15 (3): 100–103. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.93198.
Sabina, R., T. A. Khan, Sangita, D. K. Sharma, and B. M. Sharma. 2009. “Performance evaluation of waste plastic/polymer modified bituminous concrete mixes.” J. Sci. Ind. Res. 68 (11): 975–979.
Saikia, N., and J. De Brito. 2012. “Use of -plastic waste as aggregate in cement mortar and concrete preparation: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 34: 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.066.
Sasidharan, M., M. E. Torbaghan, and M. Burrow. 2019. Using waste plastics in road construction. K4D Helpdesk Rep. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
Shah, P. J., T. Anagnostopoulos, A. Zaslavsky, and S. Behdad. 2018. “A stochastic optimization framework for planning of waste collection and value recovery operations in smart and sustainable cities.” Waste Manage. (Oxford) 78: 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.019.
Shetkar, A., and N. Hanche. 2015. “An experimental study on bubble deck slab system with elliptical balls.” Indian J. Sci. Res. 6 (2): 21–28.
Tang, C.-S., B. Shi, W. Gao, F. Chen, and Y. Cai. 2007. “Strength and mechanical behavior of short polypropylene fiber reinforced and cement stabilized clayey soil.” Geotext. Geomembr. 25 (3): 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.11.002.
Teja, P. P., P. V. Kumar, S. Anusha, C. R. Mounika, and P. Saha. 2012. “Structural behavior of BubbleDeck slab.” In Proc., IEEE-Int. Conf. on Advances in Engineering, Science and Management. New York: IEEE.
Thompsett, D. J., A. Walker, R. J. Radley, and B. M. Grieveson. 1995. “Design and construction of expanded polystyrene embankments: Practical design methods as used in the United Kingdom.” Constr. Build. Mater. 9 (6): 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00069-0.
Tripathi, S. G., V. Mishra, and R. Kumar. 2018. “Waste plastic in soil stability and in road construction.” Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Eng. 7: 354–362.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2020. Global status report for buildings and construction—Towards a zero-emissions, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector. Glob Status Rep. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
USEPA. 2005. Hazardous waste identification. 40 CFR Parts 261. Washington, DC: USEPA.
VLAREA (tot vaststelling van het Vlaams reglement inzake afvalvoorkoming- en beheer). 2009. Flemish regulation relating to waste prevention and management.
Westerhoff, P., P. Prapaipong, E. Shock, and A. Hillaireau. 2008. “Antimony leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic used for bottled drinking water.” Water Res. 42 (3): 551–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.048.
Wypych, J. 1985. Polyvinyl chloride degradation. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Univ. of Ife.
Zhang, H., W.-Z. Fang, Y.-M. Li, and W.-Q. Tao. 2017. “Experimental study of the thermal conductivity of polyurethane foams.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 115: 528–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.12.057.
Zhang, L., Z. Chen, H. Dong, S. Fu, L. Ma, and X. Yang. 2021. “Wood plastic composites based wood wall’s structure and thermal insulation performance.” J. Bioresour. Bioprod. 6 (1): 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2021.01.005.
Zhang, P., and Q. F. Li. 2013. “Effect of polypropylene fiber on durability of concrete composite containing fly ash and silica fume.” Composites, Part B 45 (1): 1587–1594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.10.006.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 26 • Issue 4 • October 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 11, 2022
Accepted: May 17, 2022
Published online: Aug 11, 2022
Published in print: Oct 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jan 11, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Bhuvana Priya Dhandapani, Ramya Sri Mullapudi, Design and performance characteristics of cement grouted bituminous mixtures - a review, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130586, 369, (130586), (2023).