An Experimental Study of Sand–Clay Mixtures Contaminated with Lead and Zinc Heavy Metals
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 25, Issue 4
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the geotechnical and chemical properties of sand–clay mixtures contaminated with lead and zinc. To prepare the specimens, two kinds of mixtures were studied. Sand–kaolinite and sand–bentonite with different clay fractions were investigated through consistency limits, pH measurement, direct shear test, unconfined compression test, batch adsorption experiment, and electrical resistivity. The heavy metal contaminants were lead nitrate and zinc nitrate hexahydrate, and contaminated specimens were prepared in the laboratory with desired concentrations (i.e., 1.5% and 3% by weight of the dry soil). Based on the obtained results, the presence of kaolinite in specimens decreased the angle of friction. On the other hand, the presence of bentonite in mixtures increased the friction angle. Moreover, sand mixtures including bentonite showed a better capability to adsorb heavy metals than sand–kaolinite mixtures. The electrical resistivity of all the sand–clay mixtures decreased with the increase of concentration. Owing to the acidity feature of heavy metals, the pH of the contaminated soil solutions decreased. Moreover, the adsorption of heavy metals in soils including bentonite was more than that of sand with kaolinite.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abollino, O., M. Aceto, M. Malandrino, C. Sarzanini, and E. Mentasti. 2003. “Adsorption of heavy metals on Na-montmorillonite. Effect of pH and organic substances.” Water Res. 37 (7): 1619–1627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00524-9.
Bleam, W. 2017. Soil and environmental chemistry. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Cao, Z., L. Xiang, E. Peng, and K. Li. 2018. “Experimental study on electrical resistivity of cement-stabilized lead-contaminated soils.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2018: 4628784. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4628784.
Chavali, R. V. P., and H. P. R. Ponnapureddy. 2018. “Swelling and compressibility characteristics of bentonite and kaolin clay subjected to inorganic acid contamination.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 12 (5): 500–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2017.1299418.
Chen, L., Y.-J. Du, S.-Y. Liu, and F. Jin. 2011. “Evaluation of cement hydration properties of cement-stabilized lead-contaminated soils using electrical resistivity measurement.” J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste 15 (4): 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.1944-8376.0000073.
Chen, L., S. Y. Liu, Y. J. Du, and F. Jin. 2010. “Strength comparison of cement solidified/stabilized soils contaminated by lead and copper.” In Geoenvironmental Engineering and Geotechnics: Progress in Modeling and Applications, Geotechnical Special Publication 204, 103–110. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Chu, Y., S. Liu, G. Cai, H. Bian, and T. Zhang. 2016. “Physical and microscopic characteristics experiments with heavy metal polluted cohesive soil.” In Geo-Chicago 2016: Sustainable Waste Management and Remediation, Geotechnical Special Publication 273, 42–52. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Chu, Y., S. Liu, F. Wang, H. Bian, and G. Cai. 2018. “Electric conductance response on engineering properties of heavy metal polluted soils.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 6 (4): 5552–5560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.08.046.
Chu, Y., S. Liu, F. Wang, G. Cai, and H. Bian. 2017. “Estimation of heavy metal-contaminated soils’ mechanical characteristics using electrical resistivity.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24 (15): 13561–13575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8718-x.
Das, B. M. 2019. Advanced soil mechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Du, Y.-J., S. Hayashi, T. Hino, and K. Tanaka. 2000. “Contaminant adsorption characteristics of Kyushu regional soils.” Lowland Technol. Int. 2 (2): 31–41.
Du, Y. J., J. Wu, Y. L. Bo, and N. J. Jiang. 2020. “Effects of acid rain on physical, mechanical and chemical properties of GGBS–MgO-solidified/stabilized Pb-contaminated clayey soil.” Acta Geotech. 15 (4): 923–932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-019-00793-y.
Dube, A., R. Zbytniewski, T. Kowalkowski, E. Cukrowska, and B. Buszewski. 2001. “Adsorption and migration of heavy metals in soil.” Polish J. Environ. Stud. 10 (1): 1–10.
Durgin, P. B., and J. G. Chaney. 1984. “Dispersion of kaolinite by dissolved organic matter from Douglas- fir roots.” Can. J. Soil Sci. 64 (3): 445–455. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss84-045.
Fifi, U., T. Winiarski, and E. Emmanuel. 2013. “Assessing the mobility of lead, copper and cadmium in a calcareous soil of Port-au-Prince, Haiti.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10 (11): 5830–5843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10115830.
Gorakhki, M. H., and C. A. Bareither. 2015. “Salinity effects on sedimentation behavior of kaolin, bentonite, and soda ash mine tailings.” Appl. Clay Sci. 114: 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.07.018.
Gratchev, I., and I. Towhata. 2013. “Stress-strain characteristics of two natural soils subjected to long-term acidic contamination.” Soils Found. 53 (3): 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.04.008.
Groenenberg, B.-J. 2018. “The Chemistry of Soils. Third Edition. By Garrison Sposito. Oxford University Press, 2016. Hardback, Pp. 272. Price GBP 59.00, EUR 216.00. ISBN 9780190630881.” Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Struct. Chem. 74 (5): 651–652. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053229618003108.
Han, P., P. Han, Y. Yan, and X. Bai. 2018. “Study on mechanical properties of acidic and alkaline silty soil by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.” Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 13 (11): 10548–10563. https://doi.org/10.20964/2018.11.19.
Hubbard, A. T., and P. Somasundaran. 2015. Encyclopedia of surface and colloid science. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Ikhsan, J., B. B. Johnson, and J. D. Wells. 1999. “A comparative study of the adsorption of transition metals on kaolinite.” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 217 (2): 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1999.6377.
Kang, X., X. Zhao, and B. Bate. 2013. “Sedimentation behavior of fly ash-kaolinite mixtures.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Session 6.19b. Rolla, MO: Distance and Continuing Education, Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Khan, M. I., M. Irfan, M. Aziz, and A. H. Khan. 2017. “Geotechnical characteristics of effluent contaminated cohesive soils.” J. Environ. Eng. Landscape Manage. 25 (1): 75–82. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2016.1210155.
Li, Z., T. Katsumi, T. Inui, and A. Takai. 2013. “Fabric effect on hydraulic conductivity of kaolin under different chemical and biochemical conditions.” Soils Found. 53 (5): 680–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.08.006.
Liu, Z. B., X. Ma, and W. L. Dai. 2011. “Experimental research on engineering property of heavy metal-contaminated kaolinite.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 94–96: 1921–1929. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.94-96.1921.
Madsen, F. T., and J. K. Mitchell. 2005. “Chemical effects on clay fabric and hydraulic conductivity.” In The landfill, edited by P. Baccini, 201–251. Berlin: Springer.
Miranda-Trevino, J. C., and C. A. Coles. 2003. “Kaolinite properties, structure and influence of metal retention on pH.” Appl. Clay Sci. 23 (1–4): 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(03)00095-4.
Misra, V., A. Tiwari, B. Shukla, and C. S. Seth. 2009. “Effects of soil amendments on the bioavailability of heavy metals from zinc mine tailings.” Environ. Monit. Assess. 155 (1–4): 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0449-5.
Mohajeri, P., C. Smith, M. R. Selamat, and H. Abdul Aziz. 2018. “Enhancing the adsorption of lead (II) by bentonite enriched with pH-adjusted Meranti sawdust.” Water 10 (12): 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121875.
Nikkhah Nasab, S., and H. Abdeh Keykha. 2020. “Physicochemical changes of lead(II) contaminated sand–clay mixture.” SN Appl. Sci. 2 (9): 1531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03299-5.
Park, J., C. Vipulanandan, J. W. Kim, and M. H. Oh. 2006. “Effects of surfactants and electrolyte solutions on the properties of soil.” Environ. Geol. 49 (7): 977–989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-005-0136-6.
Resmi, G., S. G. Thampi, and S. Chandrakaran. 2011. “Impact of lead contamination on the engineering properties of clayey soil.” J. Geol. Soc. India 77 (1): 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-011-0007-6.
Salem, A., and R. Akbari Sene. 2011. “Removal of lead from solution by combination of natural zeolite-kaolin-bentonite as a new low-cost adsorbent.” Chem. Eng. J. 174 (2–3): 619–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.075.
Souli, H., J. M. Fleureau, M. Trabelsi Ayadi, and M. Besnard. 2008. “Physicochemical analysis of permeability changes in the presence of zinc.” Geoderma 145 (1–2): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.02.014.
Spagnoli, G., T. Fernández-Steeger, M. Feinendegen, R. Azzam, and H. Stanjek. 2011. “Influence of the dielectric constant, electrolyte concentration and pH of the pore fluids on the shear strength of monomineralic clays.” Riv. Ital. Geotecnica 45 (3): 11–24.
Stalin, V. K., and M. Muttharam, eds. 2018. Vol. 1 of Geotechnical characterisation and geoenvironmental engineering: IGC 2016. Berlin: Springer.
Tan, K. H. 2010. Principles of soil chemistry. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Turer, D. 2007. “Effect of heavy metal and alkali contamination on the swelling properties of kaolinite.” Environ. Geol. 52 (3): 421–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0557-x.
Virgen, M. d. R. M., O. F. G. Vázquez, V. H. Montoya, and R. T. Gómez. 2018. “Removal of heavy metals using adsorption processes subject to an external magnetic field.” In Heavy metals, edited by H. E.-D. M. Saleh, R. Aglan, 253–279. London: Intechopen.
Wahid, A. S., A. Gajo, and R. Di Maggio. 2011. “Chemo-mechanical effects in kaolinite. Part 1: Prepared samples.” Géotechnique 61 (6): 439–447. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.067.
Wang, Y., Y. Chen, H. Xie, C. Zhang, and L. Zhan. 2016. “Lead adsorption and transport in loess-amended soil-bentonite cut-off wall.” Eng. Geol. 215: 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.11.002.
Yaron, B., R. Calvet, R. Prost, and R. Prost. 1996. Soil pollution: Processes and dynamics. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
Yong, R. N., M. Nakano, and R. Pusch. 2012. Environmental soil properties and behaviour. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Yong, R. N., and Y. Phadungchewit. 1993. “Ph influence on selectivity and retention of heavy metals in some clay soils.” Can. Geotech. J. 30 (5): 821–833. https://doi.org/10.1139/t93-073.
Zhang, Z., Y. Chen, J. Fang, and F. Guo. 2019. “Study on shear behavior of kaolinite contaminated by heavy metal Cu (II).” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26 (14): 13906–13913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04627-y.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 25 • Issue 4 • October 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 8, 2021
Accepted: May 26, 2021
Published online: Jul 6, 2021
Published in print: Oct 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Dec 6, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Seyed Alireza Nosrati, Alireza Negahdar, Hassan Negahdar, Mehdi Siavoshnia, The Effect of Heavy Metal on the Static and Dynamic Performances of Clay Sand, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10.1061/JOEEDU.EEENG-7232, 150, 1, (2024).