Radioactive Hazards in Utilization of Industrial By-Products: Comprehensive Review
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 25, Issue 3
Abstract
The rapid increase in demand for natural resources owing to industrial growth and urbanization has paved the way for the utilization of industrial by-products (i.e., fly ash, bauxite residue, steel slag, copper slag, phosphogypsum) as (1) a replacement or (2) an additive for many prevalent construction materials. Moreover, studies have also reported valorization (e.g., extraction of minerals, rare earth metals) of industrial by-products for industrial and commercial applications. In this context, to enable potential and effective utilization of these by-products, with minimal impact on the ecosystem, a better understanding of their physical, chemical, mineralogical, and morphological characteristics is essential. Meanwhile, the presence of hazardous and toxic constituents in industrial by-products that have short- and long-term impacts on nature leads to challenges in their utilization and needs to be tackled. Of late, it has been realized that most studies to mitigate the potential threat of by-products are confined to (1) pH neutralization, (2) leachate management, (3) air pollution control, and (4) heavy metal removal, and little effort has been made to determine the presence and emission of radioactive elements (e.g., 238U, 232Th, 40K, 226Ra, 222Rn gas) in them. Under these circumstances, an extensive literature review of the characteristics and utilization of industrial by-products, with an emphasis on their radioactivity levels, is made in detail. A critical synthesis of the existing literature reveals that the radioactive measure, I-index, of phosphogypsum, red mud, slags, fly ash, and so on, exceeded by 1.5–7.5 times the permissible radiation limit [recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)]. Moreover, considering the hazardousness associated with exposure to such by-products, efforts are to be invested in developing handy tools or methodologies for their detection, and possible remedies for their mitigation, before their utilization for various applications.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 25 • Issue 3 • July 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 20, 2020
Accepted: Feb 27, 2021
Published online: Apr 9, 2021
Published in print: Jul 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Sep 9, 2021
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