Posttreatment of UASB Effluents of Tapioca Starch Wastewater Using Downflow Hanging Sponge System
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 16, Issue 1
Abstract
This study is aimed at a performance evaluation of downflow hanging sponge (DHS) systems using mixed fungal and bacterial cultures for posttreatment of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) effluents of tapioca starch wastewater. The effects of sludge composition on the microbial activity and effluent organic matter were also investigated. The whole experiment consisted of RUN I and RUN II with hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 7 and 1 h, respectively, and the organic loading rates (OLR) ranged from 2.0 to . The organic removal efficiencies were higher in RUN II, in the 94–96% range for both DHS systems. Under steady-state conditions, the volatile suspended solids (VSS) concentration in the sludge retained in the fungal downflow hanging sponge (FDHS) system showed little change, indicating a balance between the degradation of old biomass and the accumulation of the fresh biomass. Also, there was no significant removal of nitrogen in the FDHS system. However, the nitrogen was reduced in the bacterial downflow hanging sponge (BDHS) system, possibly through nitrification and denitrification processes. Both DHS systems exhibited marked stability with regard to the fluctuations in hydraulic loading. The results of this study showed that the proposed DHS systems could be promising for posttreatment of UASB effluents.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers would like to express their sincere gratitude to the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) for funding this research.
References
Agrawal, L. et al. (1997). “Treatment of raw sewage in a temperature climate using a UASB reactor and the hanging sponge cubes process.” Water Sci. Technol., 36(6–7), 433–440.
Amatya, P. L. (1996). “Anaerobic treatment of tapioca starch industry wastewater by bench scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor.” M.S. thesis, Asian Inst. of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand.
American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Environment Federation (WEF). (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th Ed., Washington, DC.
Araki, N., Ohashi, A., Mechadar, I., and Harada, H. (1999). “Behaviors of nitrifiers in a novel biofilm reactor employing hanging sponge-cubes as attachment site.” Water Sci. Technol., 39(7), 23–31.
Barker, D. J., Mannucchi, G. A., Salvi, S. M. L., and Stuckey, D. C. (1999). “Characterization of soluble residual chemical oxygen demand (COD) in anaerobic wastewater treatment effluents.” Water Res., 33(11), 2499–2510.
Belén, O., Kives, J., Pedregosa, A. M., Monistrol, I. F., Laborda, F., and SanJosé, C. (2006). “Bacterial biofilm removal using fungal enzymes.” Enzyme Microb. Technol., 40(1), 51–56.
Bihan, Y., and Lessard, P. (2000). “Monitoring biofilter clogging: Biochemical characteristics of the biomass.” Water Res., 34(17), 4284–4294.
Chae, K. J., Yim, S. K., and Choi, K. H. (2004). “Application of a sponge media (BioCube) process for upgrading and expansion of existing carprolactam wastewater treatment plant for nitrogen removal.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Wastewater Treatment for Nutrient Removal and Reuse, Asian Inst. of Technology, Phathumthanee, Thailand.
Chernicharo, C. A. L. (2006). “Posttreatment options for the anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater.” Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 5(1), 73–92.
Chuang, H., Ohashi, A., Imachi, H., Tandukar, M., and Harada, H. (2007). “Effective partial nitrification to nitrite by down-flow hanging sponge reactor under limited oxygen condition.” Water Res., 41(2), 295–302.
Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, R. A., and Smith, F. (1956). “Colorimetric method for the determination of sugars and related substances.” Anal. Chem., 28(3), 350–356.
Eding, E. H., Kamstra, A. J., Verreth, A. J., Huisman, E. A., and Klapwijk, A. (2006). “Design and operation of nitrifying trickling filters in recirculating aquaculture: A review.” Aquacult. Eng., 34(3), 234–260.
Gerardi, M. H. (2002). “Dissolved oxygen.” Nitrification and denitrification in the activated sludge process, Wiley, New York.
Grady, C. P. L., Jr, Daigger, T. G., and Lim, H. C. (1999). Biological wastewater treatment, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Guest, R. K., and Smith, D. W. (2002). “A potential new role for fungi in a wastewater MBR biological nitrogen reduction system.” J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 1(6), 433–437.
Iliuta, I., and Larachi, F. (2005). “Modeling simultaneous biological clogging and physical plugging in trickle-bed bioreactors for wastewater treatment.” Chem. Eng. Sci., 60(5), 1477–1489.
Jarusutthirak, C., and Amy, G. (2007). “Understanding soluble microbial products (SMP) as a component of effluent organic matter (EfOM).” Water Res., 41(12), 2787–2793.
Karim, M. I. A., and Sistrunk, W. A. (1985). “Efficiency of selected strains of fungi in reducing chemical oxygen demand in wastewater from steam-peeled potatoes.” J. Food Process. Preserv., 8(3–4), 211–218.
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., and Randall, R. J. (1951). “Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent.” J. Biol. Chem., 193(1), 265–275.
Machdar, I., Harada, H., Ohashi, A., Sekiguchi, Y., Okui, H., and Ueki, K. (1997). “A novel and cost-effective sewage treatment system consisting of UASB pretreatment and aerobic posttreatment units for developing countries.” Water Sci. Technol., 36(12), 189–197.
Machdar, I., Sekiguchi, Y., Sumino, H., and Harada, H. (2000). “Combination of a UASB reactor and a curtain-type DHS (downflow hanging sponge) reactor as a cost-effective sewage treatment system for developing countries.” Water Sci. Technol., 42(3–4), 83–88.
Mannan, S., Fakhu’l-Razi, A., and Alam, M. Z. (2005). “Use of fungi to improve bioconversion of activated sludge.” Water Res., 39(13), 2935–2943.
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering., G. Tchobanoglous and F. L. Burton, eds., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Ohashi, K., Hiroyuki, I., and Harada, H. (2006). “Anaerobic/aerobic treatment of actual dye wastewater using system combining UASB and DHS reactors.” J. Jpn. Soc. Water Environ., 29(10), 613–620.
Reuscchenbach, P., Pagga, U., and Strotmann, U. (2003). “A critical comparison of resirpometric biodegradation tests based on OECD 301 and related methods.” Water Res., 37(7), 1571–1582.
Tandukar, M., Uemura, S., Machdar, I., Ohashi, A., and Harada, H. (2005). “A low cost municipal sewage treatment system with a combination of UASB and the “fourth generation” down-flow hanging sponge reactors.” Water Sci. Technol., 52(1–2), 323–329.
Tandukar, M., Mechdar, I., Uemura, S., Ohashi, A., and Harada, H. (2006a). “Potential of a novel sewage treatment system for developing countries: Long-term evaluation.” J. Environ. Eng., 132(2), 166–172.
Tandukar, M., Uemura, S., Ohashi, A., and Harada, H. (2006b). “Combining UASB and the “fourth generation” down-flow hanging sponge reactor for municipal wastewater treatment.” Water Sci. Technol., 53(3), 209–218.
Tawfik, A., Klapwijk, B., el-Gohary, F., and Lettinga, G. (2002). “Treatment of anaerobically pretreated domestic sewage by a rotating biological contactor.” Water Res., 36(1), 147–155.
Tawfik, A., Machdar, I., Uemura, S., Ohashi, A., and Harada, H. (2006a). “Sewage treatment in a combined upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)–DHS system.” Biochem. Eng. J., 29(3), 210–219.
Tawfik, A., El-Gohary, F., Ohashi, A., and Harada, H. (2006b). “The influence of physical-chemical and biological factors on the removal a faecal coliform through down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) system treating UASB reactor effluent.” Water Res., 40(9), 1877–1883.
Thanh, N. C., and Simard, R. E. (1973). “Biological treatment of domestic sewage by fungi.” Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata, 51(2–3), 223–232.
Thullner, M., Schroth, M. H., Zeyer, J., and Kinzelbach, W. (2004). “Modeling of microbial growth experiment with bio-clogging in two-dimensional saturated porous media flow field.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 70(1–2), 37–62.
Tripathi, A. K., Harsh, N. S. K., and Gupta, N. (2007). “Fungal treatment of industrial effluents: A mini-review.” Life Sci. J., 4(2), 78–81.
Tung, T. Q., Miyata, N., and Iwahori, K. (2004). “Growth of Aspergillus oryzea during treatment of cassava starch processing wastewater with high content of suspended solids.” J. Biosci. Bioeng., 97(5), 329–335.
Wichitsathian, B. (2004). “Application of membrane bioreactor system for landfill leachate treatment.” Ph.D. thesis, Asian Inst. of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand.
Yan, S., Subramanian, B., Surampalli, R. Y., Narasiah, S., and Tyagi, R. D. (2007). “Isolation, characterization, and identification of bacteria from activated sludge and soluble microbial products in wastewater treatment system.” Pract. Period. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste Manage., 11(4), 240–258.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 16 • Issue 1 • January 2012
Pages: 9 - 17
Copyright
© 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 16, 2009
Accepted: Dec 23, 2010
Published online: Dec 27, 2010
Published in print: Jan 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.