Beneficial Use of Steel Slag Fines to Immobilize Arsenite and Arsenate: Slag Characterization and Metal Thresholding Studies
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 15, Issue 3
Abstract
This study presents the results of an extensive beneficial-use evaluation of -in. minus steel slag fines (SSF) to immobilize arsenic. Two primary sets of experiments were undertaken to assess (1) the ability of SSF to immobilize arsenite () and arsenate () in dredged material when blended with SSF, including slag cement doses (up to 2%) to determine if additional environmental polishing was necessary; and (2) the ability of SSF alone to immobilize each species. Visually, the SSF materials resemble an AASHTO No. 9 (fine) aggregate, with a small fraction passing the No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve. In order to establish the design parameters for deploying the slag media in geoenvironmental applications (soil blending, drainage, reactive trenches, and filters), the soil classification and grain-size distribution, specific gravity, loss on ignition (ash content), standard and modified Proctor compaction behavior, direct shear strength, and swell behavior of the SSF media were evaluated. Additionally, the following geochemical attributes of the SSF media were evaluated: bulk chemistry, mineralogy, pH, anion scan, total priority pollutant list (PPL) metals, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) leaching behavior for PPL metals. Arsenic thresholding studies were performed, in which the uptake of each source on the SSF materials was evaluated. The SSF materials immobilized approximately and , producing TCLP and SPLP concentrations less than in three of four cases. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were used in combination with MINTEQ modeling to isolate the mechanisms responsible for the immobilization in the SSF materials.
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Acknowledgments
The Maryland Port Administration (Baltimore) provided the resources and the dredged material to support this research under contract UNSPECIFIED270025-S-1 “Innovative Reuse of Dredged Material” to Schnabel Engineering (West Chester, Pennsylvania), the prior affiliation for Drs. Grubb and Malasavage. Mr. Frank Hamons and Mr. Bill Lear (MPA) are thanked for their support and involvement. The SSF materials and slag cement (NewCem) were provided by Phoenix Services, LLC (Terry Wagaman) and LaFarge North America (Jeff Fair), respectively. Maryland Environmental Services (MES) facilitated collection of the DM from the Cox Creek DMCF. MES also furnished the anion scan data (Table 1) and alkaline digestion and chromium isotope results (Table 6) for the chromium(VI) analyses on the DM and SSF materials. Additional analytical data were furnished by Fredericktowne Labs, Inc. (Tables 4, 5, and 7) and Test America (Table 9). Dr. Berton Greenberg of the Stevens Institute provided assistance with the SEM-EDX work, and Fernando Bermudez provide miscellaneous soil testing support. Dr. D. H. Moon (Chosun University) performed the XANES analyses at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, South Korea, in cooperation with Dr. Min Gyu Kim. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the project sponsors.
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© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Apr 12, 2010
Accepted: Sep 21, 2010
Published online: Jun 15, 2011
Published in print: Jul 1, 2011
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