Effect of Increasing Antecedent Flows on Equilibrium Bed-Load Transport Rates in a Laboratory Channel with a Sand and Gravel Bed Channel
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 10
Abstract
Experiments were conducted in a laboratory flume in which gravel and total bed-load rates were measured continuously using independent methods that allowed evaluation of the effect of four antecedent flow conditions on the transport of bed load under standard flow. It was found that both mean total bed-load rate and gravel transport rates are related to the magnitude of antecedent flow. The changes in mean bed-load rates were attributed to changes in the stability of the coarsest fractions of the bed material, caused by the previous high-flow event. This work indicates that long-term mean bed-load transport rates for a sand and gravel bed are not just a function of grain size and flow rate but also vary with the magnitude of antecedent flow.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The experiments in this study could not have been accomplished without the able and careful efforts of Christopher Harland and Blake Goodwin.
References
Bertin, S., J. Groom, and H. Friedrich. 2017. “Isolating roughness scales of gravel-bed particles.” Water Resour. Res. 53 (8): 6841–6856. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020205.
Chiew, Y. M., and G. Parker. 1994. “Incipient motion on non-horizontal slopes.” J. Hydraul. Res. 32 (5): 649–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689409498706.
Davis, B. E., 2005. A guide to the proper selection and use of federally approved sediment and water-quality samplers, 35. Vicksburg, MS: Waterways Experiment Station.
Diplas, P., C. L. Dancey, A. O. Celik, M. Valyrakis, K. Greer, and T. Akar. 2008. “The role of impulse on the initiation of particle movement under turbulent flow conditions.” Science 322 (Oct): 717–720. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158954.
Diplas, P., and A. J. Sutherland. 1988. “Sampling techniques for gravel sized sediment.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 114 (5): 484–501. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114:5(484).
Garcia, M. H. 2008. “Sedimentation transport and morphodynamics.” In Sedimentation engineering, processes, measurements, modeling, and practice, edited by M. H. Garcia, 21–163. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Gomez, B., D. W. Hubbell, and H. H. Stevens Jr. 1990. “At-a-point bed load sampling in presence of dunes.” Water Resour. Res. 26 (11): 2717–2731. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i011p02717.
Gomez, B., R. L. Naff, and D. W. Hubbell. 1989. “Temporal variations in bed load transport rates associated with the migration of bedforms.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 14 (2): 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290140205.
Hubbell, D. W. 1987. “Bed load sampling and analysis.” In Sediment transport in gravel-bed rivers, edited by C. R. Thorne, J. C. Bathurst, and R. D. Hey, 89–118. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Kellerhals, R., and D. I. Bray. 1971. “Sampling procedures for coarse fluvial sediments.” J. Hydraul. Div. 97 (8): 1165–1180. https://doi.org/10.1061/JYCEAJ.0003044.
Kuhnle, R. A. 1992. “Bedload transport during rising and falling stages on two small streams.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 17 (2): 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290170206.
Kuhnle, R. A. 1996. “Unsteady transport of sand and gravel mixtures.” In Advances in fluvial dynamics and stratigraphy, edited by P. A. Carling and M. R. Dawson, 183–201. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Kuhnle, R. A., E. J. Langendoen, and D. G. Wren. 2017. “Prediction of sand transport over immobile gravel from supply-limited to capacity conditions.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 143 (7): 04017010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001292.
Kuhnle, R. A., and J. B. Southard. 1988. “Bed load transport fluctuations in a gravel bed laboratory channel.” Water Resour. Res. 24 (2): 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i002p00247.
Kuhnle, R. A., and J. C. Willis. 1998. “Statistics of sediment transport in Goodwin Creek.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 124 (11): 1109–1114. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:11(1109).
Kuhnle, R. A., D. G. Wren, and E. J. Langendoen. 2020. “Structural changes of a mobile gravel bed surface for increasing flow intensity.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 146 (2): 04019065. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001699.
Lee, K. T., Y. L. Liu, and K. H. Cheng. 2004. “Experimental investigation of bedload transport processes under unsteady flow conditions.” Hydrol. Processes 18 (13): 2439–2454. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1473.
Mao, L. 2012. “The effect of hydrographs on bed load transport and bed sediment spatial arrangement.” J. Geophys. Res. 117 (3): F03024. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JF002428.
Mao, L. 2018. “The effects of flood history on sediment transport in gravel-bed rivers.” Geomorphology 322 (Dec): 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.08.046.
Mrokowska, M. M., and P. M. Rowinski. 2019. “Impact of unsteady flow events on bedload transport: A review of laboratory experiments.” Water 11 (5): 907. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11050907.
Ockelford, A. M., and H. Haynes. 2013. “The impact of stress history on bed structure.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 38 (7): 717–727. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3348.
Parker, G. 1990. “Surface-based bedload transport relation for gravel rivers.” J. Hydraul. Res. 28 (4): 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689009499058.
Phillips, C. B., K. M. Hill, C. Paola, M. B. Singer, and D. J. Jerolmack. 2018. “Effect of flood hydrograph duration, magnitude and shape on bed load transport dynamics.” Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 (16): 8264–8271. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078976.
Plumb, B. D., C. Juez, W. K. Annable, C. W. McKie, and M. J. Franca. 2020. “The impact of hydrograph variability and frequency on sediment transport dynamics in a gravel-bed flume.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 45 (4): 816–830. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4770.
Poff, N. L., J. D. Allan, M. B. Bain, J. R. Karr, K. L. Prestegaard, B. D. Richter, R. E. Sparks, and J. C. Stromberg. 1997. “The natural flow regime.” Bioscience 47 (11): 769–784. https://doi.org/10.2307/1313099.
Powell, D. M., A. Ockelford, S. P. Rice, J. K. Hillier, T. Nguyen, I. Reid, N. J. Tate, and D. Ackerley. 2016. “Structural properties of mobile armors at different flow strengths in gravel-bed rivers.” J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 121 (8): 1494–1515. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003794.
Recking, A. 2013. “Simple method for calculating reach-averaged bed-load transport.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 139 (1): 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000653.
Reid, I., L. E. Frostick, and J. T. Layman. 1985. “The incidence and nature of bedload transport during flood flows in coarse-grained alluvial channels.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 10 (1): 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290100107.
Vanoni, V. A., and N. H. Brooks. 1957. Laboratory studies of the roughness and suspended load of alluvial streams: M.R.D. Sediment series, no.11, 121. Omaha: California Institute of Technology Sedimentation Laboratory.
Waters, K. A., and J. C. Curran. 2015. “Linking bed morphology changes of two sediment mixtures to sediment transport predictions in unsteady flows.” Water Resour. Res. 51 (4): 2724–2741. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016083.
Wilcock, P. R., and J. C. Crowe. 2003. “A surface-based transport model for sand and gravel.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 129 (2): 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:2(120).
Wolman, M. G., and J. P. Miller. 1960. “Magnitude and frequency of forces in geomorphic processes.” J. Geol. 68 (1): 54–74. https://doi.org/10.1086/626637.
Wu, W. 2004. “Depth-averaged two-dimensional numerical modeling of unsteady flow and nonuniform sediment transport in open channels.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 130 (10): 1013–1024. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:10(1013).
Wu, W., S. S. Y. Wang, and Y. Jia. 2000. “Nonuniform sediment transport in alluvial rivers.” J. Hydraul. Res. 38 (6): 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221680009498296.
Wyss, C. R., D. Rickenmann, B. Fritschi, J. M. Turowski, V. Weitbrecht, E. Travaglini, E. Bardou, and R. M. Boes. 2016. “Laboratory flume experiments with the Swiss plate geophone bed load monitoring system: 2. Application to field sites with direct bed load samples.” Water Resour. Res. 52 (10): 7760–7778. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019283.
Yang, C. T. 2003. Sediment transport, theory and practice, 396. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 147 • Issue 10 • October 2021
Copyright
© 2021 Published by American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 17, 2020
Accepted: May 27, 2021
Published online: Aug 11, 2021
Published in print: Oct 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jan 11, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.