Spectral-Based Methods for Pipeline Leakage Localization
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 3
Abstract
In this paper, the pipeline leak localization problem using transient data is investigated. Signal processing techniques that proved successful in wireless communications and acoustics are adapted and tested for leak identification. More specifically, Bartlett’s beamforming (BF) (also known as conventional BF, matched field, or phased array), Capon’s BF (also known as the minimum variance distortionless response filter), Lagunas’ BF, and multiple signal classification (MUSIC) methods are used. The localization is realized by a one-dimensional search for the leak location along the pipe, where one-dimensional search means that the wave model used includes one leak only. The one-dimensional search is advantageous in that it involves low computational cost. The performance of the different techniques in the cases of a single leak and multiple leaks is discussed. In the single-leak case, the proposed spectral methods accurately localize the leak even for a high level of noise. For the multiple-leak case, the proposed spectral methods are able to localize all leaks provided that the leak-to-leak distance is of the same order or larger than half the shortest probing wavelength. However, the localization deteriorates when the leaks are too close together because a model with a single leak is being used to identify multiple leaks. Although not accurate, the application of the one-dimensional search to multiple leaks is still valuable because it provides a fast initial estimate of the leak locations, which serves as prior information for more precise but computationally expensive multidimensional search techniques.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by research grants from the Research Grant Council of the Hong Kong SAR, China (Project No. T21-602/15R, 16203417, and 16208618) and from Chinese Estates Professorship in Engineering (No. R8031). The authors would like to thank Prof. Miguel Ángel Lagunas for his helpful comments and suggestions.
References
Beck, S. B., M. D. Curren, N. D. Sims, and R. Stanway. 2005. “Pipeline network features and leak detection by cross-correlation analysis of reflected waves.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 131 (8): 715–723. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:8(715).
Bienvenu, G., and L. Kopp. 1980. “Adaptivity to background noise spatial coherence for high resolution passive methods.” In Vol. 5 of Proc., IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 307–310. New York: IEEE.
Brunone, B. 1999. “Transient test-based technique for leak detection in outfall pipes.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 125 (5): 302–306. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1999)125:5(302).
Brunone, B., and M. Ferrante. 2010. “Detecting leaks in pressurised pipes by means of transients.” J. Hydraul. Res. 39 (5): 539–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2001.9628278.
Capon, J. 1969. “High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis.” Proc. IEEE 57 (8): 1408–1418. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1969.7278.
Chaudhry, M. H. 2014. Applied hydraulic transients, 3rd ed. New York: Springer.
Colombo, A. F., P. Lee, and B. W. Karney. 2009. “A selective literature review of transient-based leak detection methods.” J. Hydro-Environ. Res. 2 (4): 212–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2009.02.003.
Covas, D., and H. Ramos. 2010. “Case studies of leak detection and location in water pipe systems by inverse transient analysis.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 136 (2): 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2010)136:2(248).
Covas, D., H. Ramos, and A. B. De Almeida. 2005a. “Standing wave difference method for leak detection in pipeline systems.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 131 (12): 1106–1116. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:12(1106).
Covas, D., H. Ramos, N. Graham, and C. Maksimovic. 2005b. “Application of hydraulic transients for leak detection in water supply systems.” Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 4 (5–6): 365–374. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0127.
Covas, D., I. Stoianov, J. F. Mano, H. Ramos, N. Graham, and C. Maksimovic. 2010. “The dynamic effect of pipe-wall viscoelasticity in hydraulic transients. Part II––Model development, calibration and verification.” J. Hydraul. Res. 43 (1): 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221680509500111.
Ferrante, M., and B. Brunone. 2003. “Pipe system diagnosis and leak detection by unsteady-state tests. Part I: Harmonic analysis.” Adv. Water Resour. 26 (1): 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00101-X.
Ferrante, M., B. Brunone, and S. Meniconi. 2007. “Wavelets for the analysis of transient pressure signals for leak detection.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 133 (11): 1274–1282. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:11(1274).
Jolliffe, I. T. 2002. Principal component analysis. New York: Springer.
Kashima, A., P. J. Lee, M. S. Ghidaoui, and M. Davidson. 2013. “Experimental verification of the kinetic differential pressure method for flow measurements.” J. Hydraul. Res. 51 (6): 634–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2013.818583.
Kashima, A., P. J. Lee, and R. Nokes. 2011. “Numerical errors in discharge measurements using the KDP method.” J. Hydraul. Res. 50 (1): 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2011.638211.
Kingdom, B., R. Liemberger, and P. Marin. 2006. The challenge of reducing non-revenue water (NRW) in developing countries. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Krim, H., and M. Viberg. 1996. “Two decades of array signal processing research.” IEEE Sig. Process. Mag. 13 (4): 67–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/79.526899.
Lagunas, M. A., M. E. Santamaria, A. Gasull, and A. Moreno. 1986. “Maximum likelihood filters in spectral estimation problems.” Sig. Process. 10 (1): 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1684(86)90062-9.
Ledoit, O., and M. Wolf. 2004. “A well-conditioned estimator for large-dimensional covariance matrices.” J. Multivariate Anal. 88 (2): 365–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-259X(03)00096-4.
Lee, P. J., M. F. Lambert, A. R. Simpson, J. P. Vtkovskỳ, and J. Liggett. 2010. “Experimental verification of the frequency response method for pipeline leak detection.” J. Hydraul. Res. 44 (5): 693–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2006.9521718.
Lee, P. J., J. P. Vtkovskỳ, M. F. Lambert, A. R. Simpson, and J. A. Liggett. 2005a. “Frequency domain analysis for detecting pipeline leaks.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 131 (7): 596–604. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:7(596).
Lee, P. J., J. P. Vtkovskỳ, M. F. Lambert, A. R. Simpson, and J. A. Liggett. 2005b. “Leak location using the pattern of the frequency response diagram in pipelines: A numerical study.” J. Sound Vib. 284 (3): 1051–1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.07.023.
Liggett, J. A., and L.-C. Chen. 1994. “Inverse transient analysis in pipe networks.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 120 (8): 934–955. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:8(934).
Liou, J. C. 1998. “Pipeline leak detection by impulse response extraction.” J. Fluids Eng. 120 (4): 833–838. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2820746.
Meniconi, S., B. Brunone, M. Ferrante, C. Capponi, C. A. Carrettini, C. Chiesa, D. Segalini, and E. A. Lanfranchi. 2015. “Anomaly pre-localization in distribution-transmission mains by pump trip: Preliminary field tests in the Milan pipe system.” J. Hydroinf. 17 (3): 377–389. https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2014.038.
Meniconi, S., B. Brunone, M. Ferrante, and C. Massari. 2011. “Potential of transient tests to diagnose real supply pipe systems: What can be done with a single extemporary test.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 137 (2): 238–241. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000098.
Mpesha, W., S. L. Gassman, and M. H. Chaudhry. 2001. “Leak detection in pipes by frequency response method.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 127 (2): 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:2(134).
Nash, G. A., and B. W. Karney. 1999. “Efficient inverse transient analysis in series pipe systems.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 125 (7): 761–764. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:7(761).
Nixon, W., M. S. Ghidaoui, and A. A. Kolyshkin. 2006. “Range of validity of the transient damping leakage detection method.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 132 (9): 944–957. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:9(944).
Paulraj, A., R. Roy, and T. Kailath. 1986. “A subspace rotation approach to signal parameter estimation.” Proc. IEEE 74 (7): 1044–1046. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1986.13583.
Pisarenko, V. F. 1973. “The retrieval of harmonics from a covariance function.” Geophys. J. Int. 33 (3): 347–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1973.tb03424.x.
Rubio Scola, I., G. Besançon, and D. Georges. 2017. “Blockage and leak detection and location in pipelines using frequency response optimization.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 143 (1): 04016074. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001222.
Sattar, A. M., and M. H. Chaudhry. 2010. “Leak detection in pipelines by frequency response method.” J. Hydraul. Res. 46 (EI1): 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2008.9521948.
Stephens, M. L. 2008. “Transient response analysis for fault detection and pipeline wall condition assessment in field water transmission and distribution pipelines and networks.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Adelaide.
Sun, Y., P. Babu, and D. P. Palomar. 2016. “Robust estimation of structured covariance matrix for heavy-tailed elliptical distributions.” IEEE Trans. Sig. Process. 64 (14): 3576–3590. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2016.2546222.
Taghvaei, M., S. B. M. Beck, and J. B. Boxall. 2010. “Leak detection in pipes using induced water hammer pulses and cepstrum analysis.” Int. J. COMADEM 13 (1): 19.
Vtkovskỳ, J. P., A. R. Simpson, and M. F. Lambert. 2000. “Leak detection and calibration using transients and genetic algorithms.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 126 (4): 262–265. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2000)126:4(262).
Wang, X., and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2018a. “Identification of multiple leaks in pipeline: Linearized model, maximum likelihood, and super-resolution localization.” Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 107: 529–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2018.01.042.
Wang, X., and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2018b. “Matched-field processing for leak detection in a pipe.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 144 (6): 04018030. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001476.
Wang, X., and M. S. Ghidaoui. 2019. “Identification of multiple leaks in pipeline. Part II: Iterative beamforming and leak number estimation.” Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 119: 346–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2018.09.020.
Wang, X.-J., M. F. Lambert, A. R. Simpson, J. A. Liggett, and J. P. Vtkovskỳ. 2002. “Leak detection in pipelines using the damping of fluid transients.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 128 (7): 697–711. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:7(697).
Wylie, E. B., and V. L. Streeter. 1978. Fluid transients. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Zhou, B., A. Liu, X. Wang, Y. She, and V. Lau. 2018. “Compressive sensing-based multiple-leak identification for smart water supply systems.” IEEE Internet Things J. 5 (2): 1228–1241. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2812163.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 18, 2018
Accepted: Sep 6, 2018
Published online: Dec 31, 2018
Published in print: Mar 1, 2019
Discussion open until: May 31, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.