Flow Structures in the Vicinity of a Submerged Boulder within a Boulder Array
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 5
Abstract
Boulders are widely used in fish habitat enhancement structures or fish passes. This study provides a detailed measurement of mean and turbulent flow around a boulder in a boulder array under a wake-interference flow condition. It was found that the vertical profiles of normalized streamwise mean velocity and streamwise turbulent intensity were approximately similar around the boulder, but both had different shapes in the upstream, downstream, and left and right sides of the boulder. The profiles of streamwise mean velocity deviated substantially from the classic logarithmic law but agreed with the Coles’ wake law fairly well. The profiles of turbulence intensity appeared to have minor deviations from the reported exponential decay profiles in the entire depth downstream of the boulder but only within a certain depth in the upstream and both sides of it. The correlation coefficient of velocity fluctuations was found to differ slightly from the reported exponential relation in the downstream and both sides of the boulder, whereas the difference was substantial in the upstream of it. Empirical relations were proposed for the profiles of streamwise mean velocity, turbulence intensity, and the correlation coefficient of velocity fluctuations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Funding for this research is provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and Diavik Diamond Mines, Inc. (DDMI).
References
Baki, A. B. M., Zhu, D. Z., and Rajaratnam, N. (2014). “Mean flow characteristics in a rock-ramp type fish pass.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 156–168.
Baki, A. B. M., Zhu, D. Z., and Rajaratnam, N. (2015). “Turbulent flow characteristics in a rock-ramp type fish pass.” J. Hydraul. Eng., .
Balachandar, R., Hagel, K., and Blakely, D. (2002). “Velocity distribution in decelerating flow over rough surfaces.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 29(2), 211–221.
Bandyopadhyay, P. R. (1987). “Rough-wall turbulent boundary layers in the transition regime.” J. Fluid Mech., 180(7), 231–266.
Biggs, J. F., Duncan, M. J., Francoeur, S. N., and Meyer, W. D. (1997). “Physical characterization of microform bed cluster refugia in 12 headwater streams, New Zeland.” N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 31(4), 413–422.
Biron, P. M., Robson, C., Lapointe, M. F., and Gaskin, S. J. (2004). “Comparing different methods of bed shear stress estimates in simple and complex flow fields.” Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 29(11), 1403–1415.
Buffin-Bélanger, T., and Roy, A. G. (1998). “Effects of a pebble cluster on the turbulent structure of a depth-limited flow in a gravel-bed river.” Geomorphology, 25(3), 249–267.
Cardoso, A. H., Graf, W. H., and Gust, G. (1989). “Uniform flow in smooth open channel.” J. Hydraul. Res., 27(5), 603–616.
Chow, V. T. (1959). Open-channel hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Coleman, N. L. (2010). “Velocity profiles with suspended sediment.” J. Hydraul. Res., 19(3), 211–229.
Crowder, D. W., and Diplas, P. (2000). “Using two-dimensional hydrodynamic models at scales of ecological importance.” J. Hydrol., 230(3–4), 172–191.
Crowder, D. W., and Diplas, P. (2006). “Applying spatial hydraulic principles to quantify stream habitat.” River Res. Appl., 22(1), 79–89.
Dey, S., and Raikar, R. V. (2007). “Characteristics of loose rough boundary streams at near-threshold.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 288–304.
Dey, S., Sarkar, S., Bose, S. K., Tait, S., and Castro-Orgaz, O. (2011). “Wall-wake flows downstream of a sphere placed on a plane rough-wall.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 1173–1189.
Ferro, V. (2003). “ADV measurements of velocity distributions in a gravel-bed flume.” Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 28(7), 707–722.
Goring, D. G., and Nikora, V. I. (2002). “Despiking acoustic doppler velocimeter data.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 117–126.
Hayes, J. W., and Jowett, I. G. (1994). “Microhabitat models of large drift-feeding brown trout in three New Zealand rivers.” North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 14(4), 710–725.
Hinze, J. O. (1975). Turbulence, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Kirkgoz, M. S. (1989). “Turbulent velocity profiles for smooth and rough open channel flow.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 1543–1561.
Kironoto, B. A., and Graf, W. H. (1994). “Turbulence characteristics in rough uniform open-channel flow.” Proc., Inst. Civ. Eng. Watershed Marit. Energy, 106(4), 333–344.
Lacey, R. W. J., and Rennie, C. D. (2012). “Laboratory investigation of turbulence flow structure around a bed mounted cube at multiple flow stages.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 71–84.
Lacey, R. W. J., and Roy, A. G. (2008). “Fine-scale characterization of the turbulent shear layer of an instream pebble cluster.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 925–936.
Morris, H. M., Jr. (1954). “Flow in rough conduits.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 119, 373–410.
Nezu, I., and Nakagawa, H. (1993). Turbulence in open-channel flows, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Nezu, I., and Rodi, W. (1986). “Open channel flow measurements with a laser doppler anemometer.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 335–355.
Nikora, V. I., and Smart, G. M. (1997). “Turbulence characteristics of New Zealand gravel-bed rivers.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 764–773.
Papanicolaou, A. N., Kramer, C. M., Tsakiris, A. G., Stoesser, T., Bomminayuni, S., and Chen, Z. (2012). “Effects of a fully submerged boulder within a boulder array on the mean and turbulent flow fields: Implications to bedload transport.” Acta Geophysca, 60(6), 1502–1546.
Polatel, C. (2006). “Large-scale roughness effect on free-surface and bulk flow characteristics in open-channel flows.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Ames, IA.
Rowiński, P. M., Aberle, J., and Mazurczyk, A. (2005). “Shear velocity estimation in hydraulic research.” Acta Geophysca, 53(4), 567–583.
Sadeque, M. A. F. (2008). “Structure of turbulent flows around bedmounted cylinders in open channels.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Sadeque, M. A. F., Rajaratnam, N., and Loewen, M. R. (2009). “Shallow turbulent wakes behind bedmounted cylinders in open channels.” J. Hydraul. Res., 47(6), 727–743.
Sarkar, S., Papanicolaou, A. N., and Dey, S. (2016). “Turbulence in a gravel-bed stream with an array of large gravel obstacles.” J. Hydraul. Eng., .
Schlichting, H. (1979). Boundary-layer theory, 7th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Shamloo, H., Rajaratnam, N., and Katopodis, C. (2001). “Hydraulics of simple habitat structures.” J. Hydraul. Res., 39(4), 351–366.
Simpson, R. L. (1989). “Turbulent boundary-layer separation.” Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 21(1), 205–232.
Steffler, P. M., Rajaratnam, N., and Peterson, A. W. (1985). “LDA measurements in open channel.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 111(1), 119–130.
Strom, K. B., and Papanicolaou, A. N. (2007). “ADV measurements around a cluster microform in a shallow mountain stream.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 1379–1389.
Strom, K. B., Papanicolaou, A. N., and Constantinescu, G. (2007). “Flow heterogeneity over 3D cluster microform: Laboratory and numerical investigation.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 273–287.
White, F. M. (1991). Viscous fluid flow, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 5 • May 2017
Copyright
©2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 6, 2016
Accepted: Sep 9, 2016
Published online: Nov 29, 2016
Discussion open until: Apr 29, 2017
Published in print: May 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.