Diurnal Dynamics in a Small Shallow Lake under Spatially Nonuniform Wind and Weak Stratification
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 11
Abstract
Diurnal dynamics such as stratification/destratification affects a shallow lake more than a deeper one. Surrounding topographic features such as forests and mountains affect a small lake more than a large one. This paper present a study of a small, shallow, sheltered, and weakly stratified lake in response to meteorological (MET) conditions and indirect effects of surrounding topographic features. Wind measurements at the lake shores indicated that spatial variations of wind speed and direction were substantial in nearshore areas with dense forest stands. Field measurements of velocity profiles and temperature spatial distributions were measured during the summer of 2004. A three-dimensional (3D) ocean model modified by a generic length-scale turbulence model was implemented to address the effects of spatially nonuniform wind caused by trees and weak thermal stratification on lake dynamics. Simulated vertical and horizontal distributions of mean velocities suggested that wind sheltering altered current patterns, particularly in sheltered areas, and weak stratification produced subsurface maximum velocities. Simulated water temperature profiles reproduced an observed diurnal thermal pattern. A modified stratification indicator is shown to yield reliable measure of thermal stratification without internal thermal structure; this indicator had a strong relationship with the 3D model output.
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Acknowledgments
This research was partially funded by an Anna Grant Birge Memorial Award (Limnology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison) and NSF-funded North Temperature Lakes LTER program. The authors thank Mr. Steve Corsi of USGS Middleton Office (Wisconsin) for providing access to local weather data. In addition, three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments to greatly improve the manuscript are acknowledged. The authors would like to specifically thank the Associate Editor and Editor-in-Chief for their insightful suggestions, dedication in the review process, and gracious support on the paper.
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Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 142 • Issue 11 • November 2016
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 8, 2014
Accepted: Apr 7, 2016
Published online: Jul 7, 2016
Published in print: Nov 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Dec 7, 2016
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