Physical Understanding of Sudden Pressurization of Pipe Systems with Entrapped Air: Energy Auditing Approach
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 142, Issue 2
Abstract
A global energy-auditing approach is used to describe the complex transient flow associated with sudden pressurization of a confined pipe system containing entrapped air pockets. The key concept is that the greatest pressures following pressurization are directly related to the amount of energy absorbed by the air pockets. The energy approach leads to an insightful understanding of the transient pressurization event, one that clarifies the underlying physics and that better explains several previously published observations. Moreover, the energy formulation leads to analytical algebraic expressions that can be numerically confirmed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abreu, J., Cabrera, E., García-Serra, J., Iglesias, P., and Izquierdo, J. (1991). “Boundary between elastic and inelastic models in hydraulic transients analysis with entrapped air pocket.” Proc., Int. Conf. Hydraulic Transients with Water Column Separation, International Association for Hydro-Environment, Madrid, Spain.
Abreu, J., Cabrera, E., García-Serra, J., Iglesias, P., and Izquierdo, J. (1992). “Influence of trapped air pockets in pumping systems.” 4th Int. Conf. Hydraulic Engineering Software: HYDROSOFT 92, Computational Mechanics, Boston.
Cabrera, E., Abreu, J., Perez, R., and Vela, A. (1992). “Influence of liquid length variation in hydraulic transients.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 1639–1650.
Cabrera, E., Abreu, J., Perez, R., and Vela, A. (1994). “Influence of liquid length variation in hydraulic transients.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 663–666.
Chaiko, M. A., and Brinckman, K. W. (2002). “Models for analysis of water hammer in piping with entrapped air.” J. Fluid Eng. Trans., 124(1), 194–204.
Chaudhry, M. H., and Reddy, H. P. (2011). “Mathematical modeling of lake tap flows.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 611–614.
Epstein, M. (2008). “A simple approach to the prediction of waterhammer transients in a pipe line with entrapped air.” J. Nucl. Eng. Des., 238(9), 2182–2188.
Fuertes, V., Cabrera, E., Izquierdo, J., and Iglesias, P. (1999). “Peak pressure evaluation in pipelines with entrapped air pockets.” Proc., 3rdASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conf., ASCE, New York.
Ghidaoui, M. S., and Karney, B. W. (1994). “Influence of liquid length variation in hydraulic transients.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 661–663.
Izquierdo, J., Fuertes, V., Cabrera, E., Iglesias, P., and García Serra, J. (1999). “Pipeline start-up with entrapped air.” J. Hydraul. Res., 37(5), 579–590.
Jönson, L. (1985). “Maximum transient pressure in a conduit with check valve and air entrapment.” Proc., Int. Conf. Hydraulics of Pumping Stations, BHRA, Cranfield, U.K., 55–76.
Karney, B. W. (1990). “Energy relations in transient closed-conduit flow.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 1180–1196.
Lee, N. H. (2005). “Effect of pressurization and explosion of entrapped air in pipelines.” Ph.D. thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.
Lee, N. H., and Martin, C. S. (1999). “Experimental and analytical investigation of entrapped air in a horizontal pipe.” Proc., 3rdASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conf., ASCE, New York.
Liu, D., Zhou, L., Karney, B., Zhang, Q., and Ou, C. (2011). “Rigid-plug elastic-water model for transient pipe flow with entrapped air pocket.” J. Hydraul. Res., 49(6), 799–803.
Malekpour, A., and Karney, B. W. (2014). “Understanding of the risks of high pressures following rapid pressurization in pipelines containing entrapped air pockets: A novel energy auditing approach.” Proc., 10th Int. Pipeline Conf., ASME, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Martin, C. S. (1976). “Entrapped air in pipelines.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Pressure Surges, BHRA Fluid Engineering, Cranfield, U.K.
Nakamura, K., and Tomita, T. (1999). “Water hammer caused by air in a pump started with the discharge valve closed.” Proc., 3rd ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conf., ASCE, New York.
Vasconcelos, J. G., and Leite, G. M. (2012). “Pressure surges following sudden air pocket entrapment in storm-water tunnels.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 1081–1089.
Wright, S. J., Determan, K. V., and Vargas, S. M. (2012). “Pressure transients due to compression of trapped air in rapidly filling sewer storage tunnel.” On modeling urban water systems—Monograph 20, CHI Press, Guelph, ON, 2–18.
Wylie, E. B., and Streeter, V. L. (1993). Fluid transients in systems, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Zhou, L., Liu, D., Karney, B., Zhang, Q., and Ou, C. (2011a). “Influence of entrapped air pockets on hydraulic transients in water pipelines.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 1686–1692.
Zhou, L., Liu, D., and Ou, C. (2011b). “Simulation of flow transients in water filling pipe containing entrapped air pocket with VOF model.” Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech., 5(1), 127–140.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 142 • Issue 2 • February 2016
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 6, 2014
Accepted: Jun 16, 2015
Published online: Aug 13, 2015
Discussion open until: Jan 13, 2016
Published in print: Feb 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.