Predicting Performance for Constructed Storm-Water Wetlands
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 11
Abstract
Water quality treatment via constructed storm-water wetlands (CSWs) is intimately linked to system hydraulics. Previous works have attempted to define the relationship between performance and wetland design variables (e.g., length, width, area). However, these works suffer from two major flaws: small sample size and/or nonrandom samples. The authors provide a framework herein to overcome these flaws. The goals of this research were to develop a methodology for creating randomly generated wetland designs and to use these designs to develop a set of equations for predicting peak flow reduction. Two thousand randomly generated wetland designs were generated using a five-tiered approach. Channel length and roughness were highly correlated with peak flow reduction and explained 83% of the total variability within the data set. Because of the large number of randomly generated designs, the regression equations presented herein prevent bias toward nonrandom designs. These equations represent the most general predictive performance equations developed to date and can be used to aid in CSW design.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the US EPA, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, and the Villanova Urban Stormwater Partnership for partial support.
References
Abbott, M. B., and Ionescu, F. (1967). “On the numerical computation of nearly-horizontal flows.” J. Hydraul. Res., 5(2), 97–117.
Alvord, H. H., and Kadlec, R. H. (1996). “Atrazine fate and transport in the Des Plaines Wetlands.” Ecol. Model., 90(1), 97–107.
Beyer, H. L. (2004). Hawth’s Analysis Tools for ArcGIS, 〈http://www.spatialecology.com/htools〉 (Dec. 7, 2009).
Boutilier, L., Jamieson, R., Gordon, R., Lake, C., and Hart, W. (2009). “Adsorption, sedimentation, and inactivation of E. coli within wastewater treatment wetlands.” Water Res., 43(17), 4370–4380.
Carleton, J. N., Grizzard, T. J., Godrej, A. N., and Post, H. E. (2001). “Factors affecting the performance of stormwater treatment wetlands.” Water Res., 35(6), 1552–1562.
Chow, V. T. (1959). Open-channel hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Conn, R. M., and Fiedler, F. R. (2006). “Treatment wetlands with designed bottom topography.” Water Env. Res., 78(13), 2514–2523.
Demissie, M., and Khan, A. Q. (1993). “Influence of wetlands on streamflow in Illinois.”, Champaign, IL.
DHI. (2008). “MIKE 11 a modeling system for rivers and channels user guide.” Hørsholm, Denmark.
Duvail, S., and Hamerlynck, O. (2003). “Mitigation of negative ecological and socio-economic impacts of the Diama dam on the Senegal River Delta wetland (Mauritania), using a model based decision support system.” Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 7(1), 133–146.
Economopoulou, M. A., and Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2004). “Design methodology of free water surface constructed wetlands.” Water Res. Manag., 18(6), 541–565.
Guardo, M., Fink, L., Fontaine, T. D., Chimney, M., Bearzotti, R., and Goforth, G. (1995). “Large-scale constructed wetlands for nutrient removal from stormwater runoff: An everglades restoration project.” Env. Manag., 19(6), 879–889.
Hammersmark, C. T., Fleenor, W. E., and Schladow, G. S. (2005). “Simulation of flood impact and habitat extent for a tidal freshwater marsh restoration.” Ecol. Eng., 25(2), 137–152.
Jenkins, G. A., and Greenway, M. (2005). “The hydraulic efficiency of fringing versus banded vegetation in constructed wetlands.” Ecol. Eng., 25(1), 61–72.
Jones, G. D. (2010). “A Randomization process for modeling constructed wetlands with an optimization example.” M.S. thesis, Villanova Univ., Villanova, PA.
Kadlec, R. H. (1990). “Overland flow in wetlands: vegetation resistance.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 116(5), 691–706.
Kadlec, R. H. (2000). “The inadequacy of first-order treatment wetland models.” Ecol. Eng., 15(1), 105–119.
Kadlec, R. H., and Wallace, S. D. (2009). “Representing treatment erformance.” Treatment wetlands, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 163–202.
Koob, T., Barber, M. E., and Hathhorh, W. E. (1999). “Hydrologic design considerations of constructed wetlands for urban stormwater runoff.” J. Am. Water Resour. As., 35(2), 323–331.
Lin, Y. F., Jing, S. R., and Wang, T. W. (2002). “Nutrient removal from aquaculture wastewater using a constructed wetlands system?” Aquaculture, 209(1–4), 169–184.
McCune, B., and Grace, J. B. (2002). “Structural equation modeling.” Analysis of ecological communities, MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, OR, 233–256.
Moore, T. L. C., and Hunt, W. F. (2012). “Ecosystem service provision by stormwater wetlands and ponds-a means for evaluation?” Water Res., 46(1), 6811–6823.
Ogawa, H., and Male, J. (1986). “Simulating the flood mitigation role of wetlands.” J. Water Res. Pl-ASCE, 112(1), 114–128.
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP). (2006). “Pennsylvania stormwater best management practices manual.” 〈http://www.elibrary.dep.state.pa.us/dsweb/View/Collection-8305〉 (Jun. 21, 2011).
Persson, J. (2000). “The hydraulic performance of ponds of various layouts.” Urban Water, 2(3), 243–250.
Persson, J. S., Somes, N. L. G., and Wong, T. H. F. (1999). “Hydraulic efficiency of constructed wetlands and ponds.” Water Sci. Technol., 40(3), 291–300.
Pitt, R. (1999). “Small storm hydrology and why it is important for the design of stormwater control practices.” Advances in modeling the management of stormwater impacts, Vol. 7, W. James, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Reed, S. H., Crites, R. W., and Middlebrooks, E. J. (1995). Natural systems for waste management and treatment, 2nd Ed., Mcgraw-Hill, New York.
Shepherd, H. L., Grismer, M. E., and Tchobanoglous, G. (2001). “Treatment of high-strength winery wastewater using a subsurface-flow constructed wetland.” Water Env. Res., 73(4), 394–403.
Somes, N. L. G., Bishop, W. A., and Wong, T. H. F. (1999). “Numerical simulation of wetland hydrodynamics.” Environ. Int., 25(6), 773–779.
Thackston, E. L., Shields, F. D., Jr., and Schroeder, P. R. (1987). “Residence time distributions of shallow basins.” J. Environ. Eng., 113(6), 1319–1332.
Thompson, J. R. (2004). “Simulation of wetland water-level manipulation using coupled hydrological/hydraulic Modeling.” J. Phys. Geogr., 25(1), 39–67.
Thompson, J. R., Sørenson, H. R., Gavin, H., and Refsgaard, A. (2004). “Application of the coupled MIKE SHE / MIKE 11 modeling system to a lowland wet grassland in Southeast England.” J. Hydrol., 293(1), 151–179.
Tritico, H. M., and Hotchkiss, R. H. (2005). “Unobstructed and obstructed turbulent flow in gravel bed rivers.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 131(8), 635–645.
Tsihrintzis, V., and Madiedo, E. E. (2000). “Hydraulic resistance determination in marsh wetlands.” Water Res. Manag., 14(4), 282–309.
USDA-SCS. (1972). “National engineering handbook: Hydrology section 4.” U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
USDA-SCS. (1986). “Urban hydrology for small watersheds: Technical Release 55.” U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
Walker, D. J. (1998). “Modeling residence time in storm water ponds.” Ecol. Eng., 10(3), 247–262.
Water Environment Federation (WEF). (2012). Design of urban stormwater controls, MOP 23, 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill, New York.
Wu, F., Shen, H., and Chou, Y. (1999). “Variation of roughness coefficients for unsubmerged and submerged vegetation.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 125(9), 934–942.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 139 • Issue 11 • November 2013
Pages: 1158 - 1164
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 17, 2012
Accepted: Apr 12, 2013
Published online: Apr 13, 2013
Discussion open until: Sep 13, 2013
Published in print: Nov 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.