Flood-Induced Geomorphic Change of Floodplain Extent and Depth: A Case Study of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico
Publication: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 10
Abstract
Rainfall from tropical cyclones (TCs) in Puerto Rico and similar environments can cause extreme riverine flooding accompanied by substantial scour, transport, and sediment deposition. These processes can alter channel and floodplain properties that, in turn, influence the susceptibility to future flooding. The potential of these geomorphic impacts of major floods to influence floodplains (e.g., 100-year flood extent and depth) has received relatively little research attention. Using high-resolution LiDAR topography collected shortly before and shortly after Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, this study examines how 10- and 100-year flood extent and flood depth changed in thirteen river reaches in response to Hurricane Maria, a devastating TC that struck Puerto Rico in September 2017. These findings were contextualized by comparing them against floodplain extent and depth changes resulting from peak flow quantile estimates created with and without Hurricane Maria streamflow observations. Changes in the flood extent (depth) associated with geomorphic responses to Hurricane Maria were up to 7% (16%) for 10-year floods. Somewhat smaller changes of up to 4% (8%) were found for 100-year flood extents (depths). On average, these changes were smaller than the peak flow quantile effects for the 100-year flood but greater for 10-year events. These results suggest that, at least in tropical areas affected by TCs, geomorphic changes wrought by major storms should be added to the list of considerations in floodplain mapping and updating. This issue may become more important as climate change continues to intensify TC-induced rainfall and flooding.
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Data Availability Statement
Some data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request, including codes processing the data as described in the “Methodology” section.
Some data, models, or code used during the study were provided by a third party. Direct requests for these materials may be made to the provider as follows:
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Annual instantaneous peak streamflow, real-time discharge, and stage records for each site, together with the shapefile delineating the upstream watershed, area of the upstream watershed, datum height of gage, and location of each site, were downloaded from the National Water Information System (NWIS; USGS 2021c, d).
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LiDAR DEMs for Puerto Rico made during 2016–2017 and 2018 were obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; OCM Partners 2021a, b).
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High resolution satellite images in Fig. 1 were obtained from imagery by Maxar Technologies (2021).
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The river network in PR was obtained from National Hydrography Dataset Plus (USGS 2006).
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1D HEC-RAS model setups were extracted from the FEMA Puerto Rico Model Inventory (FEMA Region II 2018).
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. The authors also acknowledge the assistance from Thomas Song and Trevor Cone at the FEMA Region II Office for locating FEMA 1D HEC-RAS models.
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Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
Volume 27 • Issue 10 • October 2022
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Received: Jan 26, 2022
Accepted: May 17, 2022
Published online: Jul 19, 2022
Published in print: Oct 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 19, 2022
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Cited by
- Yihan Li, Daniel B. Wright, Brian P. Bledsoe, Watershed controls and tropical cyclone-induced changes in river hydraulic geometry in Puerto Rico, Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101268, 44, (101268), (2022).