Redefining Terminology of Flood Exceedance Probabilities by Basic Counting
Publication: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
Volume 21, Issue 10
Abstract
By convention, design discharge estimates are often expressed in terms of annual exceedance probability (AEP) or average recurrence interval (ARI). This paper describes the limitations of using AEP and ARI to reliably convey the expected incidence of flood magnitudes to decision makers and the public. An alternative expression—exceedance events per 1,000 years ()—is proposed, which offers a less ambiguous definition of design discharge frequency. A case is argued for the adoption of based on several perceived advantages to AEP and ARI, including (1) by definition, it is a measure of number of flood exceedances over a timespan but can also communicate shifts in flood frequency over time, (2) the results of analysis using peak-over-threshold and annual maximum series can be both presented on the same chart, and (3) as a probability-based expression can be easily converted to alternatives used in floodplain risk analysis.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Adams, C. A., and McMahon, T. A. (1985). “Estimation of flood discharge for ungauged rural catchments in Victoria.” Proc., 1985 Hydrology and Water Resources Symp., IEAust, Barton, ACT, Australia, 86–90.
Bell, F. C., Dolman, G. S., and Khu, J. F. (1989). “Frequency estimation of natural hazards and extremes.” Aust. Geogr. Stud., 27(1), 67–86.
Bell, H. M., and Tobin, G. A. (2007). “Efficient and effective? The 100-year flood in the communication and perception of flood risk.” Environ. Hazards, 7(4), 302–311.
Chow, V. T. (1964). “Statistical and probability analysis of hydrologic data, section 8. Part 1, frequency analysis.” Handbook of applied hydrology, V. T. Chow, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Cohn, T. A., England, J. F., Berenbrock, C. E., Mason, R. R., Stedinger, J. R., and Lamontagne, J. R. (2013). “A generalized Grubbs-Beck test statistic for detecting multiple potentially influential low outliers in flood series.” Water Resour. Res., 49(8), 5047–5058.
Cunnane, C. (1978). “Unbiased plotting positions—A review.” J. Hydrol., 37(3), 205–222.
Demeritt, D., and Nobert, S. (2014). “Models of best practice in flood risk communication and management.” Environ. Hazards, 13(4), 313–328.
Erskine, W. D., and Warner, R. F. (1988). “Geomorphic effects of alternating flood and drought dominated regimes on a NSW coastal river.” Fluvial geomorphology of Australia, R. F. Warner, ed., Academic Press, Sydney, Australia, 223–244.
EXCIMAP (European Exchange Circle on Flood Mapping). (2007). “Handbook on good practices for flood mapping in Europe.” 〈http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/flood_risk/key_docs.htm〉 (Oct. 2, 2015).
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). (2015). “Standards for flood risk analysis and mapping.” 〈www.fema.gov〉 (Nov. 24, 2015).
Gringorten, I. I. (1963). “A plotting position for extreme probability paper.” J. Geophys. Res., 68(3), 813–814.
Hazen, A. (1914). “Storage to be provided in impounding reservoirs for municipal water supply.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 77, 1539–1640.
Highfield, W. E., Norman, S. A., and Brody, S. D. (2013). “Examining the 100-year floodplain as a metric of risk, loss and household adjustment.” Risk Anal., 33(2), 186–191.
Holmes, R. R., Jr., and Dinicola, K. (2010). “100-year flood—It’s all about chance.” U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
Kellens, W., Terpstra, T., and De Maeyer, P. (2013). “Perception and communication of flood risks: A systematic review of empirical research.” Risk Anal., 33(1), 24–49.
Kiem, A. S., Franks, S. W., and Kuczera, G. (2003). “Multi-decadal variability of flood risk.” Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(2), n/a.
Kiem, A. S., and Vernon-Kidd, D. C. (2013). “The importance of understanding drivers of hydroclimatic variability for robust flood risk planning in the coastal zone.” Aust. J. Water Resour., 17(2), 126–134.
Langbein, W. B. (1949). “Annual floods and the partial duration flood series.” Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 30(6), 879–881.
Laurenson, E. M. (1987). “Back to basics on flood frequency analysis.” Trans. IE Aust., Civ. Eng., CE29(2), 47–53.
Meylan, P., Favre, A.-C., and Musy, A. (2012). Predictive hydrology—A frequency analysis approach, CRC Press, New York, 103.
Micevski, T., Franks, S. W., and Kuczera, G. (2006). “Multidecadal variability in coastal eastern Australian flood data.” J. Hydrol., 327(1–2), 219–225.
NCWE (National Committee on Water Engineering). (2015). “Australian rainfall and runoff—A guide to flood estimation.” 〈www.arr.org.au〉 (Nov. 26, 2015).
NRC (National Research Council). (2000). Risk analysis and uncertainty in flood damage reduction studies, National Academic Press, Washington, DC.
Pilgrim, D. H., ed. (1987). Australian rainfall & runoff—A guide to flood estimation, Institution of Engineers, Barton, ACT, Australia.
Pilgrim, D. H., and McDermott, G. E. (1982). “Design floods for small rural catchments in eastern New South Wales.” I.E. Aust. Civ. Eng. Trans., CE24, 226–234.
Salas, J. D., and Obeysekera, J. (2014). “Revisiting the concepts of return period and risk for nonstationary hydrologic extreme events.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 554–568.
Stedinger, J. R., and Griffis, V. W. (2011). “Getting from here to where? Flood frequency analysis and climate.” J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 47(3), 506–513.
Strathie, A., Netto, G., Walker, G. H., and Pender, G. (2015). “How presentation format affects the interpretation of probabilistic flood risk information.” J. Flood Risk Manage., in press.
Takeuchi, K. (1984). “Annual maximum series and partial-duration series—Evaluation of Langbein’s formula and Chow’s discussion.” J. Hydrol., 68(1-4), 275–284.
Weibull, W. (1939). “A statistical theory of the strength of materials.”, Royal Swedish Institute for Engineering Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 2, 2015
Accepted: Apr 12, 2016
Published online: Jun 8, 2016
Published in print: Oct 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Nov 8, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.