Side-by-Side Comparison of Nitrogen Species Removal for Four Types of Permeable Pavement and Standard Asphalt in Eastern North Carolina
Publication: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
Volume 15, Issue 6
Abstract
A 1 year-old parking lot in eastern North Carolina consisting of four types of side-by-side permeable pavement and standard asphalt was monitored from January 2007 to July 2007 for water quality differences among pavement types. The four permeable sections were pervious concrete (PC), two different types of permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) with small-sized aggregate in the joints and having 12.9% (PICP1) and 8.5% (PICP2) open surface area, and concrete grid pavers (CGP) filled with sand. The site was located in poorly drained soils, and all permeable sections were underlain by a crushed stone base with a perforated pipe underdrain. Composite, flow-weighted samples of atmospheric deposition and asphalt runoff were compared to those of permeable pavement subsurface drainage for pH, TN, , TKN, , and ON concentrations and loads. All pavements buffered acidic rainfall pH . The pH of permeable pavement subsurface drainage was higher than that of asphalt runoff with the PC cell having the highest pH values . Permeable pavement subsurface drainage had lower and TKN concentrations than asphalt runoff and atmospheric deposition. With the exception of the CGP cell, permeable pavements had higher concentrations than asphalt , a probable result of nitrification occurring within the permeable pavement profile. The CGP cell had the lowest mean TN concentrations; however, results were not significantly different from those of asphalt runoff. The possible nitrogen removal exhibited by the CGP cell is similar to that observed in sand filter research, not surprising considering CGP contained a 10 cm (4 in.) sand bedding layer. Overall, different permeable pavement sections performed similarly to one another with respect to water quality, with the CGP cell appearing to best improve storm-water runoff nitrogen concentrations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers thank the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute for their financial support of this research. Additionally, the writers thank Block U.S.A. for material donations. Further thanks are extended to Dr. Dean Hesterberg of the NCSU Soil Science Department, and Jenny James from the Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology. The writers appreciate Dr. Robert Borden and Dr. Gregory Jennings for their added research guidance. Lastly, the writers commend Scott Stevens and Steve Miller of the City of Kinston for their assistance with site construction and maintenance, and their ongoing commitment to environmental excellence in the city of Kinston.
References
American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation (APHA, AWWA, and WEF). (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th Ed., APHA, Washington, D.C.
ASTM. (2003). “Standard classification for sizes of aggregate for road and bridge construction.” D448, West Conshohocken, Pa.
Barrett, M. E. (2003). “Performance, cost and maintenance requirements of Austin sand filters.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 129(3), 234–242.
Bean, E. Z., Hunt, W. F., and Bidelspach, D. A. (2007a). “Evaluation of four permeable pavement sites in eastern North Carolina for runoff reduction and water quality impacts.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 133(6), 583–592.
Bean, E. Z., Hunt, W. F., and Bidelspach, D. A. (2007b). “Field survey of permeable pavement surface infiltration rates.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 133(3), 249–255.
Brattebo, B. O., and Booth, D. B. (2003). “Long-term storm-water quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems.” Water Res., 37(18), 4369–4376.
Collins, K. A., Hunt, W. F., and Hathaway, J. M. (2008). “Hydrologic comparison of four types of permeable pavement and standard asphalt in eastern North Carolina.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 13(12), 1146–1157.
Coyne, M. S. (1999). Soil microbiology: An exploratory approach, Delmar Publishers, Albany, N.Y.
Day, G. E., Smith, D. R., and Bowers, J. (1981). “Runoff and pollution abatement characteristics of concrete grid pavements.” Bulletin 135, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va.
Flint, K. F., and Davis, A. P. (2007). “Pollutant mass flushing characterization of highway storm-water runoff from an ultra-urban area.” J. Environ. Eng., 133(6), 616–626.
Grant, D. M., and Dawson, B. D. (2001). Isco open channel flow measurement handbook, 5th Ed., Isco, Inc., Lincoln, Neb.
Henderson, C., Greenway, M., and Phillips, L. (2007). “Removal of dissolved nitrogen, phosphorous and carbon from storm-water biofiltration mesocosms.” Water Sci. Technol., 55(4), 183–191.
James, W., and Shahin, R. (1998). “Pollutants leached from pavements by acid rain.” Advances in modeling the management of storm-water impacts, Vol. 6, Chap. 17, W. James, ed., CHI, Guelph, Canada, 321–349.
Lee, J. H., and Bang, K. W. (2000). “Characterization of urban storm-water runoff.” Water Res., 34(6), 1773–1780.
Line, D. E., White, N., Osmond, D., Jennings, G., and Mojonnier, C. (2002). “Pollutant export from various land uses in the upper Neuse River Basin.” Water Environ. Res., 74(1), 100–108.
National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2004). “NOAA Atlas 14. Vol. 2. Ver. 2.” Precipitation data frequency server, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, Md., ⟨http://hdsc.nws.noaa.gov/hdsc/pfds/orb/nc_pfds.html⟩ (Nov. 15, 2006).
Newman, A. P., Pratt, C. J., Coupe, S. J., and Cresswell, N. (2002). “Oil bio-degradation in permeable pavements by microbial communities.” Water Sci. Technol., 45(7), 51–56.
Nielsen, J., Lynggaard-Jensen, A., and Hasling, A. (1993). “Purification efficiency of Danish biological sand filter systems.” Water Sci. Technol., 28(10), 89–97.
North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources (NCDENR). (2006). “Updated draft manual of storm-water best management practices.” Dept. of Water Quality, ⟨http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/su/documents/NCDENRBMPManualFINAL_July2005_appendices.pdf⟩ (Oct. 30, 2006).
Passeport, E., and Hunt, W. F. (2009). “Asphalt parking lot runoff nutrient characterization for eight sites in North Carolina, USA.” J. Hydrol. Eng., 14(4), 352–361.
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP). (2006). Pennsylvania storm-water best management practices manual, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, Pa.
Pratt, C. J., Mantle, J. D. G., and Schofield, P. A. (1989). “Urban storm-water reduction and quality improvement through the use of permeable pavements.” Water Sci. Technol., 21(8), 769–778.
Pratt, C. J., Mantle, J. D. G., and Schofield, P. A. (1995). “UK research into the performance of permeable pavement, reservoir structures in controlling storm-water discharge quantity and quality.” Water Sci. Technol., 32(1), 63–69.
Rushton, B. T. (2001). “Low-impact parking lot design reduces runoff and pollutant loads.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 127(3), 172–179.
State Climate Office of North Carolina. (2007). “NC climate retrieval and observations network of the southeast database.” ⟨http://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/cronos/⟩ (Sept. 1, 2007).
U.S. EPA. (1993). “Methods for determination of inorganic substances in environmental samples.” Rep. No. EPA-600-R-930-100, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
Wu, J. S., Allen, C. J., Saunders, W. L., and Evett, J. B. (1998). “Characterization and pollutant loading estimation for highway runoff.” J. Environ. Eng., 124(7), 584–592.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Nov 18, 2008
Accepted: Jun 18, 2009
Published online: Jun 20, 2009
Published in print: Jun 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.